The invention is directed to a non-naturally occurring microbial organism comprising a first attenuation of a succinyl-CoA synthetase or transferase and at least a second attenuation of a succinyl-CoA converting enzyme or a gene encoding a succinate producing enzyme within a multi-step pathway having a net conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate.

?The invention is directed to a non-naturally occurring microbial organism comprising a first attenuation of a succinyl-CoA synthetase or transferase and at least a second attenuation of a succinyl-CoA converting enzyme or a gene encoding a succinate producing enzyme within a multi-step pathway having a net conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate.

The pntAB locus may provide for increased alcohol tolerance in a microorganism, through expression of one or both of the pntA and pntB genes. A microorganism may have increased alcohol tolerance due to a transformation of the microorganism or an ancestor of the microorganism utilizing one or both of the pntA and pntB genes. The microorganism may be, for example, of a bacterial or fungal species. According to some exemplary embodiments, the microorganism may be a lactic acid bacterium.

The pntAB locus may provide for increased alcohol tolerance in a microorganism, through expression of one or both of the pntA and pntB genes. A microorganism may have increased alcohol tolerance due to a transformation of the microorganism or an ancestor of the microorganism utilizing one or both of the pntA and pntB genes. The microorganism may be, for example, of a bacterial or fungal species. According to some exemplary embodiments, the microorganism may be a lactic acid bacterium.

Certain C. glutamicum strains overexpress genes coding for enzymes having the function of aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase, dihydrodipicolinate reductase, diaminopimelate decarboxylase, aspartatokinase and diaminopimelate dehydrogenase. The C. glutamicum strains also express NAD(P)(+) transhydrogenase subunit alpha PntA and NAD(P)(+) transhydrogenase subunit beta PntB of Corynebacterium urealyticum. A method is developed for the fermentative production of L-lysine using such C. glutamicum strains.

The invention is directed to a non-naturally occurring microbial organism comprising a first attenuation of a succinyl-CoA synthetase or transferase and at least a second attenuation of a succinyl-CoA converting enzyme or a gene encoding a succinate producing enzyme within a multi-step pathway having a net conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate.

The present disclosure provides microbial organisms having increased availability of co-factors, such as NADPH, for increasing production of various products, including 1,3-BDO, MMA, (3R)-hydroxybutyl (3R)-hydroxybutyrate, amino acids, 3HB-CoA, adipate, caprolactam, 6-ACA, HMD A, or MAA, and products made from any of these. Also provided are one or more exogenous nucleic acids encoding an enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to increase availability of NADPH, where the exogenous nucleic acid includes one or more of ATP-NADH kinase, pntAB, nadK, and gapN. Also provided are one or more gene attenuations occurring in genes, such as NDH-2, that result in an increased ratio of NADPH to NADH. Various combinations of the exogenous nucleic acids and gene deletions are also provided in the present disclosure. The present disclosure also provides methods of making and using the same, including methods for culturing cells, and for the production of the various products.

The invention is directed to a non-naturally occurring microbial organism comprising a first attenuation of a succinyl-CoA synthetase or transferase and at least a second attenuation of a succinyl-CoA converting enzyme or a gene encoding a succinate producing enzyme within a multi-step pathway having a net conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate.