Some embodiments provided herein relate to methods and compositions for reducing the risk of relapse of a hyperproliferative disorder, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), in a subject in which the hyperproliferative cells of the subject exhibit a normal karyotype and/or in a subject who has been administered no more than one induction therapeutic course. Some such embodiments include the administration of a NOX2 inhibitor, such as histamine dihydrochloride (HDC), in combination with a cytokine, such as interleukin-2 (L-2).

Clinical diagnosis and newborn screening for primary immunodeficiencies (PIDDs) is described. The PIDDs include X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP1; SH2D1A deficiency), familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2 (FHL2), ataxia telangiectasia (AT), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID; B-cell dysfunctions), severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, and dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCKS) deficiency. Additionally, cell specific markers for platelets (CD42), natural killer (NK) cells (CD56), and T cells (CD3epsilon and CD3delta) can be used as secondary markers to provide support for diagnosis of disease.

The present invention relates to novel NADPH oxidase proteins, or Nox, the use thereof, the method of preparation thereof and the method for identification thereof.

Methods and materials related to producing glyceric acid and downstream products are disclosed. Specifically, isolated nucleic acids, polypeptides, host cells, methods and materials for producing glycolic acid by direct fermentation from sugars are disclosed.

The present disclosure provides compositions of microparticles and uses thereof for removing toxic or undesirable molecules from an environment, e.g. the blood of a subject. The microparticles can be liposomes. In one embodiment, the aqueous phase of the liposomes contains (i) a system of generating NAD.sup.+ from NADH, and (ii) one or more enzymes that are involved in one or more NAD.sup.+-dependent reactions that remove the toxic or undesirable molecules from the environment. In one embodiment, the liposomes contain NADH oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to remove ethanol from the blood of a subject.

In a method for producing acetoin, butanediol, or butanol from ethanol according to the present invention, a cell-free catalysis method was used by designing an artificial synthetic pathway so that proteins of NOX, EtDH, FLS, BDH, and DDH and variant proteins thereof exhibit cascade catalytic activity as enzymes. Compared to existing fermentation methods using microorganisms, the production method according to the present invention does not require cell growth and has a short synthetic pathway, a fast reaction rate, high yield and productivity, adjustment of targeted reaction conditions is convenient, and butanol may be effectively produced. Moreover, same may be reused numerous times by fixing the proteins to nano-particles, and are also effective for producing acetoin, butanediol, or butanol, thus being economical. Therefore, the production method may be usefully adopted in the relevant industries requiring acetoin, butanediol, or butanol.

The invention encompasses water-forming NADH and NADPH oxidases and the use of these enzymes to treat mammalian diseases or conditions associated with an elevated NADH/NAD+ ratio or NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Such pathologies include disorders caused by one or more defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, glucose metabolism disorders, cancers associated with reductive stress, and aging. The invention also provides a research tool for investigating the effect of exogenous water-forming NADH or NADPH oxidases on the metabolism of a mammalian cell, such as a human cell, and for elucidating the role of respiratory chain proteins in mitochondrial disorders.

The serotonin receptor 5HT2A (5HT2aR) and membrane NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes) are found to be a target of autoantibodies present in Multiple Sclerosis patients. The present invention refers to peptides comprised in the extracellular regions of the human 5HT2aR and/or NOXs for diagnosis and therapy of Multiple Sclerosis.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing L-cysteine in place of a conventional fermentation method. More specifically, the object is to provide a method for producing L-cysteine by the combination of heat-resistant enzymes. In particular, the object is to provide a method for efficiently producing a pathway for synthesizing O-phosphoserine from 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PG) via phosphohydroxypyruvic acid (HPV). The present invention solved the problem by a method for producing O-phosphoserine including acting phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT) and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) that are each derived from a thermophilic bacterium on 3PG to generate O-phosphoserine, and a method for producing L-cysteine including the step described above.

Provided herein are compositions, methods, and devices for the treatment and prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) using gene therapy techniques. In particular, oxidative stress (OS) and parasympathetic nervous system signaling are inhibited to prevent and/or reverse the electrical remodeling that underlies AF.