This disclosure provides an E. coli strain, which lacks thioredoxin reductase activity encoded by trxB and thioredoxin 1 activity encoded by trxA, and glutathione reductase activity encoded by gor. Said E. coli strain expresses a mutated AhpC protein having glutathione reductase activity and a cytosolic prokaryotic disulfide isomerase. The E. coli strain has an oxidative cytosol and can be used to efficiently produce proteins having disulfide bonds.

Disclosed are methods, systems, components, and compositions for cell-free synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins. The methods, systems, components, and compositions may be utilized for incorporating non-standard amino acids (nsAAs) into cell-free synthesized proteins and glycosylating or otherwise modifying the cell-free synthesized proteins in vitro. The nsAAs of the cell-free synthesized protein may be modified via glycosylation or other modification.

The present invention discloses an engineering yeast strain for producing nervonic acids. The yeast strain over-expresses the genes related to enzymes required in a synthetic process of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as fatty acid elongase, desaturase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase and the like, and optionally, further adjusts and controls the synthesis and decomposition route of triglyceride, the synthesis and decomposition route of sphingomyelin, and the synthesis and decomposition route and the oxidation-reduction balanced route of lipid subcell levels. The recombinant yeast strain can produce microorganism oil; and the content of the prepared nervonic acids accounts for 39.6% of the total fatty acids.

Processes for producing reduced coenzyme Q.sub.10 (CoQ.sub.10) are provided. The processes may include preparing a reaction mixture, which includes oxidized CoQ.sub.10, a reductase, a supplement coenzyme, a coenzyme regeneration enzyme, and a substrate of the coenzyme regeneration enzyme, and providing a condition so that components of the reaction mixture react to produce the reduced CoQ.sub.10.

The present invention provides host cells for use in an inducible coexpression system that is capable of controlled induction of expression of each gene product.

Provided is an enzymatic process for the preparation of a mercaptan of formula RSH from disulfides utilizing hydrogen.

Described herein are methods and compositions for the use of treating damage induced by SD. Aspects of the invention relate to administering to a subject in need thereof an agent that reduces reactive oxygen species. In some embodiments, administration of an agent that reduces reactive oxygen species repairs SD-induced damage in the gut.

The present invention provides host cells for use in an inducible coexpression system that is capable of controlled induction of expression of each gene product.

Disclosed are methods, systems, components, and compositions for cell-free synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins. The methods, systems, components, and compositions may be utilized for incorporating non-standard amino acids (nsAAs) into cell-free synthesized proteins and glycosylating or otherwise modifying the cell-free synthesized proteins in vitro. The nsAAs of the cell-free synthesized protein may be modified via glycosylation or other modification.

The present invention provides methods of producing thrombin using coordinated coexpression systems, and particularly inducible coexpression systems, capable of controlled induction of expression of each gene product required for the production of thrombin.