The present disclosure provides a reprosome that can induce reprogramming of a cell, in which the reprosome is characterized by including RNA of a gene involved in chromatin remodeling, in which the gene includes a kinase gene on a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction system, and a gene having histone modification activity. The reprosome may be obtained from a stem cell difficult to process and/or from a readily obtainable somatic cell via a simple process including ultrasonic treatment. A reprogramming of one kind of a cell into another kind of a cell with a desired function can be achieved at a high efficiency in a short time via a simple treatment including a co-culturing between the reprosome and the cell. The cell thus obtained has the desired function without introduction of a chemical or foreign transcription factor into a genome and thus is more suitable for cell replacement therapies. Further, the present disclosure provides a composition including the reprosome and a method for regenerating a tissue by treating a body site with the composition to promote reprogramming of a cell present in the treated body site to a target cell having a desired function.

The present invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a neurological condition mediated by a tau-dependent signalling complex in neurons of a subject, comprising treating the subject to: (a) promote phosphorylation of one or more amino acids residues of tau, wherein the phosphorylation of the amino acid residues causes disruption of the tau-dependent signalling complex in neurons of the subject; or (b) introduce a variant of tau that causes disruption of the tau-dependent signalling complex in neurons of the subject. The invention also relates to vectors, compositions and kits for treating or preventing a neurological condition mediated by a tau-dependent signalling complex in neurons of a subject.

The disclosure provides methods and compositions for treating angiogenesis-related disorders, e.g., peripheral arterial disease (PAD), tissue ischemia, etc., using an agent that inhibits C-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) expression and/or activity. Specifically, the disclosure provides methods of treating angiogenesis-related disorders in a subject, the methods comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that inhibits JNK3 expression and/or activity, wherein the agent is an inhibitory nucleic acid, a peptide, or peptide-inhibitor.

A p38 MAPK inhibitor for use in the treatment or prevention of severe influenza in a human patient. In some embodiments, the severe influenza maybe characterised by hypercytokinemia involving elevated levels of one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor may act to inhibit the release of such pro-inflammatory mediators from endothelial cells. In some embodiments, the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor may inhibit the release of IP 10 from endothelial cells, preferably in a dose-dependent manner.

The present invention relates to the use of a compound which inhibits the activity of MKK4 as a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from an impaired liver function, to the use of a compound as a medicament for the treatment of liver failure, including acute/fulminant or chronic liver failure and/or for increasing the regeneration of liver tissue in a patient.

The present invention relates to the use of a compound which inhibits the activity of MKK4 as a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from an impaired liver function, to the use of a compound as a medicament for the treatment of liver failure, including acute/fulminant or chronic liver failure and/or for increasing the regeneration of liver tissue in a patient.

The present invention relates to the use of a compound which inhibits the activity of MKK4 as a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from an impaired liver function, to the use of a compound as a medicament for the treatment of liver failure, including acute/fulminant or chronic liver failure and/or for increasing the regeneration of liver tissue in a patient.

The present invention relates to the use of a compound which inhibits the activity of MKK4 as a medicament for the treatment of a patient suffering from an impaired liver function, to the use of a compound as a medicament for the treatment of liver failure, including acute/fulminant or chronic liver failure and/or for increasing the regeneration of liver tissue in a patient.

A method of treating a mammalian subject with cancer comprises administering to said subject having a cancer, e.g., a metastatic or refractory cancer or tumor, a small molecule inhibitor of a target signaling molecule of the MEK/MAPK pathway that impairs T cell activation, and administering to said subject a molecule that induces T cell proliferation in the presence of said inhibitor. The combination of a small molecule inhibitor of a target of the MEK/MAPK pathway and the T cell proliferation inducer reduces the proliferation of the cancer and tumor cells in vivo. Compositions and kits including these components are also provided.

The present invention is directed towards methods for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a patient and determining prognosis of NAFLD in a patient.