The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of indigoid dye precursors and their conversion to indigoid dyes. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using polypeptides to produce indigoid dye precursors from indole feed compounds, and the use of the indigoid dye precursors to produce indigoid dyes.

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of indigoid dye precursors and their conversion to indigoid dyes. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using polypeptides to produce indigoid dye precursors from indole feed compounds, and the use of the indigoid dye precursors to produce indigoid dyes.

The present invention relates to the production of hydrolyzates from a lignocellulose-containing material, and to fermentation of the hydrolyzates. More specifically, the present invention relates to the detoxification of phenolic inhibitors and toxins formed during the processing of lignocellulose-containing material by enzymatically sulfating the phenolic inhibitors and toxins using aryl sulfotranseferases.

Provided are mucolytic compounds that are more effective, and/or absorbed less rapidly from mucosal surfaces, and/or are better tolerated as compared to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and DTT. The compounds are represented by compounds of Formula I which embrace structures (Ia)-(Ib): ##STR00001##
where the structural variables are as defined herein.

The present invention generally relates to industrial microbiology, and specifically to the production of biochemical compounds, such as L-serine, L-tyrosine, mevalonate and their derivatives, and recombinant polypeptides using genetically modified microorganisms. More particularly, the present invention pertains to the decoupling of cell growth from production of biochemical compounds, such as L-serine, L-tyrosine, mevalonate and their derivatives, in a microorganism by down regulating the nucleotide biosynthesis in said microorganism.

The present invention generally relates to the field of biotechnology as it applies to the production of aryl sulfates using recombinant host cells. More particularly, the present invention pertains to recombinant host cells comprising (e.g., expressing) a polypeptide having aryl sulfotransferase activity, wherein said recombinant host cells have been modified to have an increased uptake of sulfate compared to identical host cells that does not carry said modification. Further provided are processes for the production of aryl sulfates, such as zosteric acid, employing such recombinant host cells.

The present disclosure relates to synthesis of heparin, which may be bioequivalent to porcine USP Heparin Sodium. The synthesis may involve three intermediates starting from heparosan.

The present disclosure relates to the biosynthesis of indigoid dye precursors and their conversion to indigoid dyes. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to methods of using polypeptides to produce indigoid dye precursors from indole feed compounds, and the use of the indigoid dye precursors to produce indigoid dyes.

A method for enzymatic sulfurylation of a substrate is provided which includes the steps of reacting the substrate with 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate (PAPS) in a medium containing a bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae to produce a sulfated derivative of the substrate, and collecting the sulfated derivative from the medium, wherein the bacterium has been modified to produce, at least, a protein having sulfotransferase activity, and to attenuate expression of an aphA gene, a cysQ gene, or a cpdB gene, or a combination of these.

The present disclosure provides an engineered cell comprising a sulfotransferase. In some embodiments, the sulfotransferase is NnSULT1C1 sulfotransferase. The present disclosure also provides methods for the biosynthesis of a peptide containing at least one sulfotyrosine residue, as well as compositions comprising a peptide containing at least one sulfotyrosine residue. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present disclosure provide therapeutic peptides for use in treating and/or preventing a disease or disorder, such as an HIV-1 infection.