Provided herein are biomarkers for screening and monitoring of conditions, diseases, and disorders. In particular, provided herein are sPLA2 biomarkers for use in characterizing, prognosing, and treating disorders associated with elevated sPLA2.

A method for treatment of the diseases related to overexpression of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and/or interleukin-1 (IL-1) of a patient. The method comprises: administering a therapeutically effective dose of elapidae postsynaptic neurotoxin molecules (SEQ ID NOs. 1-21) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The diseases comprise rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, neuropathic pain, cancer pains, myocarditis, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer. The mature proteins or peptides of the elapidae postsynaptic neurotoxin molecules include any one of the amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 21, or have the homology of 70% or more to the amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 to SEQ ID NO. 21 respectively.

This application provides a novel mouse model (PLA2g6 KO.sup.Ex2) in which genetic deletion of the N terminus of PLA2g6 results in a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra (SN), and development of PD-like motor deficits that can be significantly improved by L-DOPA. Based in part on experimental results demonstrated with this model, this disclosure provides genetically modified animals and genetically modified animal cells that comprise a mutant allele of PLA2g6 and in which store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry (SOCE) is impaired and ER Ca.sup.2+ stores are depleted. This disclosure also provides methods of screening a compound for an effect on the SOCE pathway and/or ER Ca.sup.2+ by administering the compound to such a genetically modified animal or genetically modified animal cell. This disclosure also provides methods of treating or preventing PD-related deficit(s) in an animal by characterizing a compound as a SOCE activator using the screening methods and then administering an effective amount of the compound to an animal. This disclosure also provides methods of restoring normal store-operated Ca.sup.2+ entry (SOCE) pathway and ER Ca.sup.2+ in a cell, comprising introducing a caspase-3 cleavage-resistant PLA2g6 protein into the cell. This disclosure also provides methods of treating or preventing a PD-related deficit(s) in an animal, comprising administering a caspase-3 cleavage-resistant PLA2g6 protein to the animal.

Described herein are recombinant fermenting organisms having a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a phospholipase. Also described are processes for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol, from starch or cellulosic-containing material with the recombinant fermenting organisms.

A reagent kit used for detecting lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, and a preparation method for the reagent kit. The reagent kit comprises one or a plurality of first anti-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 antibodies used for binding lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 to be measured, and one or a plurality of second anti-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 antibodies marked with a trace marker and binding with the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 to be measured at another site, different from the binding site of the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 to be measured and the first anti-lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 antibodies. The reagent kit also comprises a displacing agent, so as to further increase the detection accuracy of the reagent kit. A method using the reagent kit for the detection of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 may take serum as a detection sample, has high repeatability and high accuracy, and measures the concentration of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in the sample in a highly sensitive manner.

Provided are methods for producing food products comprising recombinant components, and compositions used in and food products produced by such methods.

The invention relates to methods of reducing foam during ethanol fermentation by adding a phospholipase A and/or a phospholipase C during fermentation.

Provided is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof that selectively inhibits the enzymatic activity of vascular endothelial lipase and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same as an active ingredient useful for the treatment of arteriosclerosis or metabolic syndrome.

The invention discloses a method for improving the extracellular expression level of a foreign protein by means of phospholipase fusion expression. Four proteins, PLA.sub.2, MBP, CBD and SUMO, are used as a fusion tag to construct a fusion gene. Compared with an original protein MOH without any fusion tag, the extracellular expression level and enzymatic activity of all the four fusion proteins are increased to some degree. Among them, the fusion protein using PLA.sub.2 as the fusion tag has the highest expression level, which is 7.4 times higher than that of the original protein. Compared with other fusion tags, PLA.sub.2 has a low molecular weight and the fusion protein having PLA2 as the fusion tag has the highest expression level (up to 12 g.Math.L.sup.1 in a 7 L fermentation tank for high-density fermentation). It is shown that the secretory expression of a foreign protein can be effectively increased by using PLA.sub.2 as a fusion tag.

The present invention relates to methods of producing oil raw material for HVO production from vegetable oil which has been processed by an enzyme catalysed hydrolysis process and separation to reduce the content of phosphorous.