The present invention provides a recombinant microorganism for producing citicoline and a method for producing citicoline by using the recombinant microorganism, wherein genes for degradation and utilization of citicoline, choline, and phosphocholine are knocked out, In addition, a pyrimidine nucleoside synthesis pathway is genetically engineered to remove feedback inhibition to the synthesis pathway. A yield of more than 20 g/L of citicoline can be obtained with recombinant strains in a 5-liter fermenter by means of a biological fermentation method, achieving industrial mass production with low citicoline production costs and less pollution; therefore, the method is a simple, environmentally friendly and has a relatively high promotion and application value.

The invention is directed to non-natural yeast able to secrete significant amounts of glucoamylase into a fermentation media. The glucoamylase can promote degradation of starch material generating glucose for fermentation to a desired bioproduct, such as ethanol. The glucoamylase can be provided in the form of a glucoamylase fusion protein having a S. cerevisiae mating factor alpha 2 (Sc MF2) or repressible acid phosphatase (Sc PHO5) secretion signal.

The invention provides non-naturally occurring microbial organisms containing a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid pathway, wherein the microbial organisms selectively produce a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid of a specified length. Also provided are non-naturally occurring microbial organisms having a fatty alcohol, fatty aldehyde or fatty acid pathway, wherein the microbial organisms further include an acetyl-CoA pathway. In some aspects, the microbial organisms of the invention have select gene disruptions or enzyme attenuations that increase production of fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes or fatty acids. The invention additionally provides methods of using the above microbial organisms to produce a fatty alcohol, a fatty aldehyde or a fatty acid.

The present invention provides consensus amino acid sequences of prostate antigens that are capable of breaking tolerance in a targeted species, including PAP, PARM, PCTA, PSCA, PSP94, and STEAP antigens. Also provided are nucleic acid sequences that encode one or more consensus amino acid sequences of prostate antigens PAP, PARM, PCTA, PSCA, PSP94, and STEAP antigens, as well as genetic constructs/vectors and vaccines expressing the sequences. Also provided herein are methods for generating an autoimmune response against prostate cancer cells by administering one or more of the vaccines, proteins, and/or nucleic acid sequences that are provided.

A method for in vitro transcription of a DNA template into RNA includes providing a mixture containing a buffer substance, ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), one or more magnesium salts in a concentration of from about 2 mM to about 60 mM, the DNA template, and a recombinant RNA polymerase, and incubating the reaction mixture at from about 25 C. to about 40 C. for from about 1 hour to about 12 hours thereby producing the RNA. A method for in vitro transcription includes providing a DNA template and a cap analogue that binds to 1 and/or +1 nucleotides of promoter for in vitro transcription, thus producing more full length mRNAs, allowing for more flexibility on the choice of first mRNA base, and providing +2 position open for custom sequence.

A method for in vitro transcription of a DNA template into RNA includes providing a mixture containing a buffer substance, ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), one or more magnesium salts in a concentration of from about 2 mM to about 60 mM, the DNA template, and a recombinant RNA polymerase, and incubating the reaction mixture at from about 25 C. to about 40 C. for from about 1 hour to about 12 hours thereby producing the RNA. A method for in vitro transcription includes providing a DNA template and a cap analogue that binds to 1 and/or +1 nucleotides of promoter for in vitro transcription, thus producing more full length mRNAs, allowing for more flexibility on the choice of first mRNA base, and providing +2 position open for custom sequence.

Disclosed are novel prenylated psilocybin derivative compounds and pharmaceutical and recreational drug formulations containing the same. The compounds may be produced in vitro or in vivo using a biosynthetic system which comprises cells comprising a prenyl transferase, and, optionally, additional enzymes, including a decarboxylase, and an N-acetyl transferase.

The invention provides novel compounds, reagents, systems, and methods for detecting a metabolite related to a NRTI in a biological sample and use thereof in monitoring adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis or anti-retroviral treatment. Such reagents comprise NRTI derivatives, analogs, NRTI derivatives conjugates, along with antibodies directed to same, which are useful for antibody-based methods, such as a lateral flow immunoassay and other point of care devices.

Provided are a preparation method for a CTL cell and an application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: inducing a CTL cell by using a tumor antigen PAP-GM-CSF sensitized DC cell; and knocking out a PD-1 gene of the CTL cell to obtain a PD-1 knock-out CTL cell. The CTL cell obtained by the preparation method can be used for preparing drugs for treatment of prostate cancer, especially for treating PAP-positive prostate cancer. The CTL cell does not cause CTL cell failure and anergy due to the tumor-expressed PD-L1 after being transfused into the body, thereby producing efficient specific cytotoxic effect on a tumor cell and improving the curative effect and reducing the side effect.

Provided herein, inter alia, are compositions and methods for treating and/or preventing conditions associated with gut inflammation caused by dysbiosis via use of exogenously administered acid phosphatases or enzymes of the GDA1_CD39 superfamily (such as apyrases).