Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating a birthmark in a subject in need thereof, wherein the compound is according to any one of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). wherein, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.2a, R.sup.13, R.sup.13a, R.sup.23, R.sup.23a, R.sup.23b, R.sup.33, R.sup.33a, R.sup.33b, R.sup.43, R.sup.43a, R.sup.51, R.sup.53, R.sup.53a, R.sup.53b, bond “a”, and subscript n are described herein.

Provided herein are compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for treating a birthmark in a subject in need thereof, wherein the compound is according to any one of formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), and (V). wherein, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.2a, R.sup.13, R.sup.13a, R.sup.23, R.sup.23a, R.sup.23b, R.sup.33, R.sup.33a, R.sup.33b, R.sup.43, R.sup.43a, R.sup.51, R.sup.53, R.sup.53a, R.sup.53b, bond “a”, and subscript n are described herein.

The present invention features a method of reducing tactile dysfunction or anxiety in a subject diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rett Syndrome, or Fragile X syndrome by administering a GABA.sub.A agent having reduced blood brain barrier or by expressing a nucleic acid encoding an exogenous alpha or beta subunit of a GABA.sub.A receptor in dorsal root ganglion neurons in the subject using a vector.

The present invention features a method of reducing tactile dysfunction or anxiety in a subject diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rett Syndrome, or Fragile X syndrome by administering a GABA.sub.A agent having reduced blood brain barrier or by expressing a nucleic acid encoding an exogenous alpha or beta subunit of a GABA.sub.A receptor in dorsal root ganglion neurons in the subject using a vector.

The present disclosure relates to a medicament for treating cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method of ER inhibitors for the specific treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations, and to a use of ER inhibitors in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations. New therapeutic regimens for patients suffering from cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations are provided to improve the possibility of therapeutic benefit for patients.

The present disclosure relates to a medicament for treating cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method of ER inhibitors for the specific treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations, and to a use of ER inhibitors in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations. New therapeutic regimens for patients suffering from cholangiocarcinoma with KRAS mutations are provided to improve the possibility of therapeutic benefit for patients.

Presented herein are methods for treating spinal disc degeneration (SDD) by administering to a subject in need thereof, an amount of a SHH signaling pathway activator effective for treating the subject.

Described herein are methods of treating human and canine patients suffering from dermal Cytokine Storm syndromes related to dermal diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or urticaria. A method of reducing the incidence and/or the intensity of a symptom of dermal hypercytokinemia in a patient suffering from an underlying dermal condition who develops the dermal hypercytokinemia as a consequence of the underlying dermal condition includes administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of norketotifen an isomer, an isomeric mixture, a prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The symptom of dermal hypercytokinemia is an eruption of new dermal lesions accompanied by intense lesional and/or non-lesional pruritus.

Described herein are methods of treating human and canine patients suffering from dermal Cytokine Storm syndromes related to dermal diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis or urticaria. A method of reducing the incidence and/or the intensity of a symptom of dermal hypercytokinemia in a patient suffering from an underlying dermal condition who develops the dermal hypercytokinemia as a consequence of the underlying dermal condition includes administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of norketotifen an isomer, an isomeric mixture, a prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The symptom of dermal hypercytokinemia is an eruption of new dermal lesions accompanied by intense lesional and/or non-lesional pruritus.

Provided here are arylpiperazine pharmacophore compositions that mitigate levodopa-induced dyskinesia and significantly improve Parkinson's disease-like symptoms. These dopamine D3 receptor ligands have high affinity and selectivity, are orally active, and have desirable drug-like properties.