Disclosed herein is a polycrystalline metal-organic framework membrane comprising a substrate material having a surface and a polycrystalline metal-organic framework attached to the surface of the substrate material, wherein the polycrystalline metal-organic framework is formed from a secondary building unit having the formula Ia or IIb and a ligand as defined in the application.

The invention generally relates to the filed of providing a liquid for human consumption. In particular, the invention relates to a system for channeling a liquid such as particularly an aqueous liquid such as water in a circuit and for controlling the contamination of the circulating liquid with microorganisms, as well as to a corresponding method using the same. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for the effective energy saving in the course of providing a heated liquid for human consumption while controlling the limit values recommended, admissible or acceptable for microorganisms, in which the set temperature of a heating device (8) is adjusted to a value below 60° C., preferably to a value between 40 and 55° C., most preferably to a value between 43 and 48° C.

The invention generally relates to the filed of providing a liquid for human consumption. In particular, the invention relates to a system for channeling a liquid such as particularly an aqueous liquid such as water in a circuit and for controlling the contamination of the circulating liquid with microorganisms, as well as to a corresponding method using the same. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for the effective energy saving in the course of providing a heated liquid for human consumption while controlling the limit values recommended, admissible or acceptable for microorganisms, in which the set temperature of a heating device (8) is adjusted to a value below 60° C., preferably to a value between 40 and 55° C., most preferably to a value between 43 and 48° C.

A water desalination system includes a first set of ultrafiltration membranes, a second set of ultrafiltration membranes, a first backwashing system configured to treat at least one of the first set of ultrafiltration membranes or the second set of ultrafiltration membranes with brine generated by a reverse osmosis process, and a second backwashing system configured to treat at least one of the first set of ultrafiltration membranes or the second set of ultrafiltration membranes with one or more chemicals and reverse osmosis permeate water.

A water desalination system includes a first set of ultrafiltration membranes, a second set of ultrafiltration membranes, a first backwashing system configured to treat at least one of the first set of ultrafiltration membranes or the second set of ultrafiltration membranes with brine generated by a reverse osmosis process, and a second backwashing system configured to treat at least one of the first set of ultrafiltration membranes or the second set of ultrafiltration membranes with one or more chemicals and reverse osmosis permeate water.

A nonwoven web obtained by electrospinning, suitable for the filtration of nano- and/or submicron aerosols, including a multiplicity of fibers of composition C1, the composition C1 including at least 50% by weight of at least one polymer P1 based on the repeat unit resulting from vinylidene fluoride (VDF), the fibers of composition C1 having a degree of crystallinity in polar phase(s), preferentially in solely beta phase, of at least 65% by weight, with respect to their total weight. Also, a process for the manufacture of the web, to a membrane including the web and also to a process for the washing/sterilization of the web or of the membrane.

The water treatment apparatus of the present invention comprises a flocculation part into which water to be treated is introduced, at least two flocculant adding devices installed so that different flocculants can be added to the flocculation part, one or two or more water quality measurement devices for measuring the quality of the water to be treated, and a controlling part for issuing, on the basis of the measurement result from the water quality measurement device(s), a command relating to whether addition of the flocculants to the corresponding flocculant adding device is required or not and to the added amounts of the flocculants, wherein at least one of the flocculant adding devices is an auxiliary flocculant adding device.

The water treatment apparatus of the present invention comprises a flocculation part into which water to be treated is introduced, at least two flocculant adding devices installed so that different flocculants can be added to the flocculation part, one or two or more water quality measurement devices for measuring the quality of the water to be treated, and a controlling part for issuing, on the basis of the measurement result from the water quality measurement device(s), a command relating to whether addition of the flocculants to the corresponding flocculant adding device is required or not and to the added amounts of the flocculants, wherein at least one of the flocculant adding devices is an auxiliary flocculant adding device.

A method for treatment of wastewater includes passing influent wastewater through an anaerobic, anoxic, or bioelectrochemical bioreactor to produce an effluent. The membrane bioreactor includes a membrane with pores having a nominal pore size less than the smallest measured biopolymers and organic nanoparticles in the influent wastewater, thereby preventing them from entering and blocking membrane pores, and further comprising degrading dissolved organics smaller than 20 nm in the influent wastewater within the membrane bioreactor before entering membrane pores.

A method for treatment of wastewater includes passing influent wastewater through an anaerobic, anoxic, or bioelectrochemical bioreactor to produce an effluent. The membrane bioreactor includes a membrane with pores having a nominal pore size less than the smallest measured biopolymers and organic nanoparticles in the influent wastewater, thereby preventing them from entering and blocking membrane pores, and further comprising degrading dissolved organics smaller than 20 nm in the influent wastewater within the membrane bioreactor before entering membrane pores.