A hydrogen permeation membrane is provided that can include a carbon-based material (C) and a ceramic material (BZCYT) mixed together. The carbon-based material can include graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, or a combination thereof. The ceramic material can have the formula BaZr.sub.1-x-y-zCe.sub.xY.sub.yT.sub.zO.sub.3-?, where 0?x?0.5, 0?y?0.5, 0?z?0.5, (x+y+z)>0; 0???0.5, and T is Yb, Sc, Ti, Nb, Ta, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, In, or a combination thereof. In addition, the BZYCT can be present in the C-BZCYT mixture in an amount ranging from about 40% by volume to about 80% by volume. Further, a method of forming such a membrane is also provided. A method is also provided for extracting hydrogen from a feed stream.

An alumina body having nano-sized open-cell pores, the alumina body is formed from ?-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and Al(OH).sub.3. The alumina body has porosity of greater than 36-percent by volume and a mean pore flow diameter less than 25-nm. The alumina body retains porosity of over 20-volume percent for temperatures up to 1510? C. for 1-hour. The nano-sized open-cell porous body can be scaled to any 3-dimensional structure.

A method for fabricating an alumina body having nano-sized open-cell pores, the alumina body is formed from ?-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and Al(OH).sub.3. The alumina body has porosity of greater than 36 percent by volume and a mean pore flow diameter less than 25 nm. The alumina body retains porosity of over 20 volume percent for temperatures up to 1510? C. for 1 hour. The nano-sized open-cell porous body can be scaled to any 3-dimensional structure.

A hydrogen gas producing apparatus includes a porous body (100) and a mixed gas source (300). The porous body (100) is permeable to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas, and has a property of being more permeable to hydrogen gas than carbon dioxide gas. The mixed gas source (300) causes a mixed gas including carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas to flow into the porous body (100) under a condition that a pressure gradient represented by (P.sub.1?P.sub.2)/L is below 50 MPa/m, where L represents the length of the porous body (100) in a direction in which the mixed gas permeates; P.sub.1 represents an inflow pressure of the mixed gas into the porous body (100); and P.sub.2 represents an outflow pressure thereof from the porous body (100).

The subject of the invention is a membrane for the cross-flow filtration of a fluid to be treated that contains abrasive particles, comprising a porous support covered over part of its surface with a separation layer having a pore diameter smaller than that of the support, over which the fluid to be treated flows, characterized in that the separation layer includes an agent for protection from the abrasive particles.

The present disclosure relates to a micro or nano porous membrane composed of a stretched membrane of a fluororesin membrane, wherein the fluororesin membrane contains sintered bodies of a plurality of core-shell particles containing fluororesins, wherein the core-shell particles include cores and shells covering outer surfaces of the cores, wherein an average particle size of the core-shell particles before being sintered is greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 1,000 nm, wherein a ratio of a volume of the shells to a volume of the cores in the core-shell particles before being sintered is greater than or equal to 2/98 and less than or equal to 50/50, wherein a fluororesin of the cores is a tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer or a combination thereof, and a fluororesin of the shells is polytetrafluoroethylene, and wherein a first heat of fusion of the fluororesins in the core-shell particles is less than or equal to 68 J/g.

Rigid or flexible polymer membranes including one contiguous porous film are provided that include a plurality of fused microstructures, e.g., microspheres, teardrops, ellipsoids, other geometric designs, or combinations thereof. The microstructures are fused via a sintering, chemical, and/or physical process, crosslinking, or combinations thereof. The membranes have a plurality of repeating microstructures in a random or ordered, e.g., face-centered cubic, arrangement and a network of throats extending through the membrane and around the fused microstructures. The microstructures and throats precisely control the microstructure of the membrane, providing consistent and uniform flow across the membrane in all three directions. Channeling concerns of polymeric membranes cast using random statistical processes, such as phase inversion and interfacial polymerization, are thus reduced. The membranes provide consistent filtration performance, e.g., of proteins and nucleic acid mixtures, while reducing the compressibility, pore wall flexibility, and ageing limitations of traditional polymeric membranes. Surface modification of the microstructures can further enhance membrane selectivity for a given separation.