Described herein are separation articles such as, for example, films, membranes and the like separating at least one component from a gaseous mixture comprising two or more components comprising difluoromethane (HFC-32, CH.sub.2F.sub.2) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125, C.sub.2F.sub.5H). The disclosed articles include a “selective layer” that is selectively permeable for the desired component to be separated from the gas mixture. The selective layer is composed of an amorphous fluorinated copolymer. Optionally, the article may include other layers which serve various purposes such as, for example, a porous support layer, a “gutter layer,” which allows the permeate gas to pass from the selective layer to the porous layer with minimal flow impedance, and a protective layer, which protects the selective layer from fouling. Each component of the separation articles described herein and methods for making and using the same are provided below.

Methods and systems for recovering sulfur dioxide from a Claus unit process emissions stream are provided. The method comprises the steps of generating a process emissions stream from a thermal oxidizer or other combustion device, introducing the emissions stream to an SO.sub.2 removal system, introducing the SO.sub.2 rich stream from the SO.sub.2 removal system to a CO.sub.2 removal system, and introducing an enriched SO.sub.2 stream back to the Claus unit. The SO.sub.2 removal system can include one or more SO.sub.2 selective membranes. The CO.sub.2 removal system can include one or more CO.sub.2 selective membranes.

Methods and systems for recovering sulfur dioxide from a Claus unit process emissions stream are provided. The method comprises the steps of generating a process emissions stream from a thermal oxidizer or other combustion device, introducing the emissions stream to an SO.sub.2 removal system, introducing the SO.sub.2 rich stream from the SO.sub.2 removal system to a CO.sub.2 removal system, and introducing an enriched SO.sub.2 stream back to the Claus unit. The SO.sub.2 removal system can include one or more SO.sub.2 selective membranes. The CO.sub.2 removal system can include one or more CO.sub.2 selective membranes.

A crosslinked microporous membrane (crosslinked polymer) composition useful in gas separation, the membrane comprising: (i) an aromatic polymer containing a multiplicity of benzene rings; and (ii) a multiplicity of fluorinated aromatic moieties, each fluorinated aromatic moiety containing at least two separate methylene (—CH.sub.2—) linkages connected to benzene rings on the aromatic polymer; wherein the cross-linked microporous membrane possesses micropores having a pore size of up to 2 nm. Also described are methods for producing the crosslinked polymer and a microporous carbon material produced by pyrolysis of the crosslinked polymer membrane. Also described are methods for using the crosslinked polymer and microporous carbon material for gas or liquid separation, filtration, or purification.

A polymer electrolyte membrane according to the present invention has a cluster diameter of 2.96 to 4.00 nm and a converted puncture strength of 300 gf/50 μm or more. The polymer electrolyte membrane according to the present invention has a low electric resistance and an excellent mechanical strength.

A process for reducing injector deposits in an internal combustion engine fuelled with a fuel composition, the process comprising contacting a fuel composition with a metal-selective membrane situated in the fuel delivery system. The reduction of such deposits provides an increase in fuel efficiency, fuel thermal stability, boost in engine cleanliness, improves fuel economy and enables the possibility of using a reduced amount of expensive detergent in the fuel composition.

A process for reducing injector deposits in an internal combustion engine fuelled with a fuel composition, the process comprising contacting a fuel composition with a metal-selective membrane situated in the fuel delivery system. The reduction of such deposits provides an increase in fuel efficiency, fuel thermal stability, boost in engine cleanliness, improves fuel economy and enables the possibility of using a reduced amount of expensive detergent in the fuel composition.

Described herein are articles for separating gases. The article includes an amorphous fluorinated copolymer containing, one or more types of fluorinated dioxolane ring monomers, and one or more types of fluorinated non-dioxolane ring monomers, optionally with crosslinking between the fluorinated copolymer chains. The copolymers of fluorinated dioxolane ring monomers and fluorinated non-dioxolane ring monomers show a large differential in the permeability of certain gases compared with other gases. The resulting polymer membranes have superior selectivity and reliability performance in certain gas separations compared with previous compositions known to the art. Methods for making and using the article described are also provided,

Described herein are articles for separating gases. The article includes an amorphous fluorinated copolymer containing, one or more types of fluorinated dioxolane ring monomers, and one or more types of fluorinated non-dioxolane ring monomers, optionally with crosslinking between the fluorinated copolymer chains. The copolymers of fluorinated dioxolane ring monomers and fluorinated non-dioxolane ring monomers show a large differential in the permeability of certain gases compared with other gases. The resulting polymer membranes have superior selectivity and reliability performance in certain gas separations compared with previous compositions known to the art. Methods for making and using the article described are also provided,

The present invention relates to hyper-branched compounds, a method of synthesizing the hyper-branched compounds and applications of the hyper-branched compounds. The hyper-branched compounds of the present invention include hyper-branched fluorinated compounds, hyper-branched fluorinated graphene and hyper-branched amine functionalized graphene oxide.