Fuel production system includes: synthesis gas generation unit configured to generate synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from carbon-containing raw material; fuel production unit configured to produce fuel from synthesis gas generated; water electrolyzer configured to electrolyze water to generate water-electrolyzed hydrogen; hydrogen supply unit configured to supply water-electrolyzed hydrogen generated to synthesis gas generation unit; and controller. The controller is configured to perform: calculating input energy based on first energy possessed by raw material, second energy consumed by water electrolyzer, third energy consumed by synthesis gas generation unit, and fourth energy consumed by fuel production unit; calculating recovered energy based on fifth energy possessed by fuel produced; and controlling water electrolyzer based on input energy and recovered energy calculated.

The present disclosure relates to a method for continuously manufacturing an ester-based composition and a manufacturing system therefor, the method improving a manufacturing yield by optimizing process variables of each reactor of a reaction unit in which a plurality of reactors are connected in series.

A process for producing synthesis gas, the process including the steps of: a) in a reforming reactor, reacting a hydrocarbon feed stream together with an oxidant gas stream, thereby producing a first synthesis gas stream; b) providing a heated CO.sub.2 rich gas stream to an adiabatic post converter including a second catalyst active for catalyzing steam methane reforming, methanation and reverse water gas shift reactions; and c) in the adiabatic reforming post converter, letting at least a part of the first synthesis gas stream and the heated CO.sub.2 rich gas stream undergo steam methane reforming, methanation and reverse water gas shift reactions to thereby provide a product gas stream, the product gas stream being a synthesis gas stream. Also, a system for producing synthesis gas.

A synthesis device comprises a plurality of pipes, a feeding unit, a reaction vessel, and a measurement mechanism. The pipes extend from a plurality of storage containers, respectively, in which a plurality of types of solutions are stored. The feeding unit is configured to feed the solutions in the storage containers through the pipes. The solutions selectively fed from the storage containers are put in the reaction vessel to generate a synthesized product by chemical synthesis. The measuring mechanism is provided between the storage containers and the reaction vessel in a middle of an overall flow path including the pipes, the measuring mechanism being configured to measure the solutions fed to the reaction vessel.

Systems and processes disclosed may be used to produce a high purity isobutane stream and a high purity 1-butene stream from mixed C4 streams having disparate starting compositions.

An actuator is provided that includes a housing, a linear actuating shaft disposed within the housing, a piston coupled with the shaft, and a fluid barrier disposed on an end of the shaft and encircled by the piston. The piston is movable longitudinally between an extended configuration and a retracted configuration upon rotation of the shaft. The fluid barrier engages an inner surface of the piston preventing fluid communication across the fluid barrier. The fluid barrier has a shaft engaging side which receives the shaft and a fluid facing side. A cavity is formed between the piston and the fluid facing side and expands when the piston moves to the extended configuration and contracts when the piston moves to the retracted configuration. A port is disposed in the piston and extends from the cavity to external the piston thereby permitting fluid communication between the cavity and external the piston.

A system and method for producing hydrogen from hydrocarbon and steam, including a membrane reformer with multiple membrane reactors each having a tubular membrane. The bore of the tubular membrane is the permeate side for the hydrogen. The region external to the tubular membrane is the retentate side for carbon dioxide. A sweep gas flows through the bore to displace hydrogen in a direction countercurrent to flow of hydrocarbon and steam in the region external to the tubular membrane. The method includes discharging hydrogen as permeate with the sweep gas from the bore, and discharging carbon dioxide in the region external to the tubular membrane as retentate from the membrane reactor.

Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into light and heavy fractions utilizing convection heat from heaters used in steam cracking. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize either an ebullated bed reactor with extrudate catalysts or a slurry hydrocracking reactor using a homogeneous catalyst system, such as a molybdenum based catalysts which may optionally be promoted with nickel. Products from the upgrading operations can be finished olefins and/or aromatics, or, for heavier products from the upgrading operations, may be used as feed to the steam cracker.

In a hydrocarbon-fed steam methane reformer hydrogen-production process and system, carbon dioxide is recovered in a pre-combustion context, and optionally additional amounts of carbon dioxide are recovered in a post-combustion carbon dioxide removal, to provide the improved carbon dioxide recovery or capture disclosed herein.

An entirely water-based, energy self-sufficient, integrated in-line waste management system is provided for comprehensive conversion of all organic fractions of municipal and wider community waste to fuels suitable for use in transportation, with all solid residues converted to high nutrition compost. The system is based on a combination of pre-treatment, involving alkaline hydrolysis and saponification; three-way separation of the pre-treated waste into different streams that are each directed to suitable further processing including fuel production; which includes biodiesel generation in a continuous-flow catalytic esterification unit, and anaerobic digestion to produce methane or other small molecule biofuel. Remaining solids are converted to compost in a quasi-continuous process.