A continuous flow reactor for the efficient synthesis of nanoparticles with a high degree of crystallinity, uniform particle size, and homogenous stoichiometry throughout the crystal is described. Disclosed embodiments include a flow reactor with an energy source for rapid nucleation of the .[.procurors following.]. .Iadd.precursors to form nucleates followed .Iaddend.by a separate heating source for growing the nucleates. Segmented flow may be provided to facilitate mixing and uniform energy absorption of the precursors, and post production quality testing in communication with a control system allow automatic real-time adjustment of the production parameters. The nucleation energy source can be monomodal, multimodal, or multivariable frequency microwave energy and tuned to allow different precursors to nucleate at substantially the same time thereby resulting in a substantially homogenous nanoparticle. A shell application system may also be provided to allow one or more shell layers to be formed onto each nanoparticle.

Systems and methods taught herein enable simultaneous forward and side detection of light originating within a microfluidic channel disposed in a substrate. At least a portion of the microfluidic channel is located in the substrate relative to a first side surface of the substrate to enable simultaneous detection paths with respect to extinction (i.e., 0) and side detection (i.e., 90). The location of the microfluidic channel as taught herein enables a maximal half-angle for a ray of light passing from a center of the portion of the microfluidic channel through the first side surface to be in a range from 25 to 90 degrees in some embodiments. By placing at least the portion of the microfluidic channel proximate to the side surface of the substrate, a significantly greater proportion of light emitted or scattered from a particle within the microfluidic channel can be collected and imaged on a detector as compared to conventional particle processing chips.

A planar flow reactor includes a straight planar process channel, a flow generator, and a plurality of static mixing elements disposed within the process channel. The flow generator is configured to generate a pulsatile flow within the process channel, and the static mixing elements are configured to locally split and recombine the flow. The straight planar process channel enables the generation of a flow pattern that is largely independent of the width of the process channel, meaning that the throughput may be increased by increasing the width without significantly affecting the residence time distribution or the flow behavior. Furthermore, by creating a pulsatile flow within the process channel, turbulence and/or chaotic fluid flows may be generated even at low net flow rates, i.e. low net Reynolds numbers.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating and quantum printing materials, such as elemental metals, in a nanoporous carbon powder.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating and quantum printing materials, such as elemental metals, in a nanoporous carbon powder.

This disclosure describes a reaction vessel assembly that includes the following: a reaction vessel including a housing component; a reaction chamber defined by the housing component; and a light absorbing layer conforming to a portion of an interior-facing surface of the housing component that defines the reaction chamber, the light absorbing layer comprising a multiple discrete regions; and an energy source configured to direct light through at least a portion of the housing component at one or more of the discrete regions of the light absorbing layer.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating and quantum printing materials, such as elemental metals, in a nanoporous carbon powder.

The disclosure relates to a photoreactor for performing photocatalytic reactions with a particulate photocatalyst loaded in the reactor. The photoreactor includes an internal wall having an outer surface and defining an interior volume, and a transparent external wall having an outer surface and an opposing inner surface. The internal and external walls are spaced apart so that they together define a reaction volume between the walls. The photoreactor further includes an external light transmission apparatus, such as a light source and/or a light guide, positioned around the external wall and being adapted to transmit light through the external and into the reaction volume. When a particulate photocatalyst loaded in the reaction volume is irradiated by external light transmission apparatus while a reactant is flowing through the reaction volume, a photocatalytic reaction can be performed to form a desired reaction product.

The invention includes apparatus and methods for instantiating and quantum printing materials, such as elemental metals, in a nanoporous carbon powder.

The invention is directed to systems, apparatus and methods for demulsifying an emulsion, and generating plasma enhanced treatment fluids, with at least one plasma reactor to produce plasma in reaction with the emulsion to cause flocculation and coalescence in the emulsion for phase separation of the constituents and chemical reaction with reactor fluids. After separation, the separated constituents in the emulsion are removed from the reaction chamber for processing of further emulsion. Plasma enhanced treatment fluids are removed from the reaction chamber and used in further processes. According to an example, the emulsion may be a crude oil emulsion with the separated crude oil produced for further processing or sale. The systems, apparatus and methods also produce plasma enhanced treatment fluids that may be reused in other oil recovery processes for example.