A catalytic process for the metal-free functionalization of sp.sup.2-carbons is described herein. The catalytic process is suitable for forming borylated alkenes, arenes and heteroarenes and comprises the use of catalysts comprising a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP).

An article of manufacture includes a three-dimensional (3D) printed object for chemical reaction control. The 3D printed object includes a chemical reactant to be released to control a chemical reaction according to a chemical reactant release profile. The chemical reactant release profile is determined based on a shape of the 3D printed object.

This invention provides a catalytic process wherein alternating current is used for catalytic coupling (such as CC, CN, CO, CS, CP, CSi and/or CB couplings) using a transition-metal catalysis.

Precatalysts and catalytic processes for the functionalization of sp.sup.2-carbons using the precatalysts are described herein. The precatalysts comprise an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) that is generated in situ from the corresponding precatalyst fluoroborate salts. The precatalyst fluoroborate salts are deprotected in situ to generate catalysts including intramolecular FLPs for the dehydrogenative borylation of alkenes, arenes and heteroarenes. The catalytic process comprises contacting a precatalyst, a functionalization reagent; and a substrate comprising a sp.sup.2-H carbon, under conditions to provide a substrate comprising a functionalized sp.sup.2 carbon.

There is provided a new and improved synthetic route for the synthesis of the compound 1-{2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-4-chlorobenzyl}-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (Formula (I)) that is readily scalable for commercial production.

##STR00001##

Also provided are important intermediate compounds that are formed in the new and improved synthetic route for the synthesis of the compound of formula (I).

The present invention provides a palladium precatalyst for cross-coupling reaction, the palladium precatalyst comprising a structure represented by following formula 1: ##STR00001## wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or cyclohexyl.

Precatalysts and catalytic processes for the functionalization of sp.sup.2-carbons using the precatalysts are described herein. The precatalysts comprise an intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) that is generated in situ from the corresponding precatalyst fluoroborate salts. The precatalyst fluoroborate salts are deprotected in situ to generate catalysts including intramolecular FLPs for the dehydrogenative borylation of alkenes, arenes and heteroarenes. The catalytic process comprises contacting a precatalyst, a functionalization reagent; and a substrate comprising a sp.sup.2-H carbon, under conditions to provide a substrate comprising a functionalized sp.sup.2 carbon.

An article of manufacture includes a three-dimensional (3D) printed object for chemical reaction control. The 3D printed object includes a chemical reactant to be released to control a chemical reaction according to a chemical reactant release profile. The chemical reactant release profile is determined based on a shape of the 3D printed object.

The present disclosure relates in part to sterically hindered N-aliphatic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, which are readily synthetically available from inexpensive starting materials. The present disclosure further relates to NHC catalyst complexes comprising transition metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, and Pd. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides methods for using the catalysts described herein in a number of organic transformations, including alkyne hydroboration and hydration, in addition to CO, CC, and CN coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium precatalyst for cross-coupling reaction, the palladium precatalyst comprising a structure represented by following formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same, and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same, and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or cyclohexyl.