Provided is a highly practical pressure vessel in which there is minimal inside diameter deformation even if openings in a center inlet/outlet part are large, and there is little pressure-induced elongation from a center to both ends. This pressure vessel is composed of a tube body made of a fiber-reinforced resin, wherein: a center inlet/outlet part that lets a liquid in or out is provided to a tube-body-axial center part on a peripheral surface of the tube body; end-part inlet/outlet parts that let a fluid in or out are provided to tube-body-axial end parts of the tube body; the tube body is configured from a helical layer of which fibers are inclined at an angle of from 40 to less than 50 relative to a tube-body-axial direction, a reinforcing layer of which fibers are inclined at a greater angle than the helical layer relative to the tube-body-axial direction, and a seal layer constituting an innermost layer; a breakaway part that breaks away circumferentially outward from the seal layer is provided to a position on the helical layer where the center inlet/outlet part is provided; the reinforcing layer is configured from an inward reinforcing layer and an outward reinforcing layer provided respectively to inward and outward sides of the helical layer so as to enclose the breakaway part of the helical layer therebetween; and the center inlet/outlet part is provided so as to penetrate the inward reinforcing layer, the breakaway part of the helical layer, and the outward reinforcing layer.

An apparatus contains at least one pressure-rated apparatus shell and at least one modular framework system containing ceramic fiber composite materials and arranged within the apparatus shell. A modular lining apparatus includes the modular framework system and refractory bricks. The apparatus can be used for high-temperature reactors, especially electrically heated high-temperature reactors.

Fuel mixed in water is combusted in a reactor having an internal operating pressure and temperature greater than 3200 psi and greater than 374 C., where the combustion of the fuel is exothermic. Air and fuel are pressurized for introduction into the reactor to a pressure greater than the internal operating pressure using energy generated from the combustion of the fuel, and the pressurized air and the pressurized fuel are injected into the reactor. Pressurized water from the reactor is injected into a drive water column that is partially filled with water to increase a pressure of the drive water column, and water at a temperature less than 100 C. is injected into the reactor to replace water from the reactor that is injected into the drive water column. Pressurized water from the drive water column is used to drive a hydroelectric drive system to produce electrical power.

Provided is a highly practical pressure vessel in which there is minimal inside diameter deformation even if openings in a center inlet/outlet part are large, and there is little pressure-induced elongation from a center to both ends. This pressure vessel is composed of a tube body made of a fiber-reinforced resin, wherein: a center inlet/outlet part that lets a liquid in or out is provided to a tube-body-axial center part on a peripheral surface of the tube body; end-part inlet/outlet parts that let a fluid in or out are provided to tube-body-axial end parts of the tube body; the tube body is configured from a helical layer of which fibers are inclined at an angle of from 40 to less than 50 relative to a tube-body-axial direction, a reinforcing layer of which fibers are inclined at a greater angle than the helical layer relative to the tube-body-axial direction, and a seal layer constituting an innermost layer; a breakaway part that breaks away circumferentially outward from the seal layer is provided to a position on the helical layer where the center inlet/outlet part is provided; the reinforcing layer is configured from an inward reinforcing layer and an outward reinforcing layer provided respectively to inward and outward sides of the helical layer so as to enclose the breakaway part of the helical layer therebetween; and the center inlet/outlet part is provided so as to penetrate the inward reinforcing layer, the breakaway part of the helical layer, and the outward reinforcing layer.

A vertical autoclave according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is a vertical autoclave including an inlet port through which a process solution is introduced, an outlet port configured through which the process solution is discharged, an oxygen inlet port through which oxygen is supplied to the process solution, an agitator configured to mix the process solution, an inner wall, an acid-resistant brick layer lined on a lower portion and a side portion of the inner wall, and an acid-resistant metal layer lined on an upper portion of the inner wall.

Fuel mixed in water is combusted in a reactor having an internal operating pressure and temperature greater than 3200 psi and greater than 374? C., where the combustion of the fuel is exothermic. Air and fuel are pressurized for introduction into the reactor to a pressure greater than the internal operating pressure using energy generated from the combustion of the fuel, and the pressurized air and the pressurized fuel are injected into the reactor. Pressurized water from the reactor is injected into a drive water column that is partially filled with water to increase a pressure of the drive water column, and water at a temperature less than 100? C. is injected into the reactor to replace water from the reactor that is injected into the drive water column. Pressurized water from the drive water column is used to drive a hydroelectric drive system to produce electrical power.

In a general aspect, a system can include a reactor for combusting fuel and producing high-temperature, high-pressure liquid as a byproduct, and at least one vessel defining a cavity to be partially filled with water, with an air pocket within the cavity above the water. The system can further include respective valves to control admission of liquid from the reactor into the air pocket when the air pocket has a pressure lower than an operating pressure of the reactor, and to control emission of the water from the at least one vessel through of the vessel after the water in the at least one vessel has been pressurized by the liquid from the reactor. The system can also include a hydroelectric drive system for receiving water emitted from the cavity, and for converting energy in the received water into electrical energy.

A reactor comprising a thermal barrier surrounding a combustion zone. The reactor further comprises a cooling jacket inner wall and a binder disposed between the cooling jacket inner wall and the thermal barrier, and a cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the cooling jacket inner wall and the cooling jacket outer wall define a cooling channel. The reactor further comprises an outer reactor wall disposed over the cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the outer reactor wall is impermeable and is configured to contain high pressure gas within the reactor.

A pressure booster having two cylinders with two pistons, connected such that they operate simultaneously, which can be mounted in a multi-chamber containing simple pressure boosters nested that can be used to increase the pressure depending on the simple boosters being used is provided.

A reactor comprising a thermal barrier surrounding a combustion zone. The reactor further comprises a cooling jacket inner wall and a binder disposed between the cooling jacket inner wall and the thermal barrier, and a cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the cooling jacket inner wall and the cooling jacket outer wall define a cooling channel. The reactor further comprises an outer reactor wall disposed over the cooling jacket outer wall, wherein the outer reactor wall is impermeable and is configured to contain high pressure gas within the reactor.