A heating film may include a base layer made of polymer resin, a plurality of electrode lines spaced from each other and disposed on the base layer, a mesh-type support layer disposed between the electrode lines and made of a thermally conductive material, and a heating layer that has first and second end portions connected to the respective electrode lines, is made of a carbon composite material, and generates heat when powered.

A heater is installed indoors and heated to a target temperature. The heater is controlled by a controller. The controller has a regular control module which heats the heater to reach the target temperature. In addition, the controller has a suppressive control module which heats the heater to a suppressed temperature lower than the target temperature by electric power suppressed so that surface moisture adhering on the surface of the heater is decreased. When an activation of the heater is ordered, the heater is heated by the suppressive control module, after that, the heater is heated by the regular control module. The surface moisture is decreased by the suppressed temperature. Therefore, generating rapid boiling and/or rapid evaporation of the surface moisture by the target temperature may be suppressed.

An armrest according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a case including a passage which guides a flow of air while the air is introduced and discharged and a through-hole which is formed via the passage to allow the air to be discharged outward, a fan located inside the case and by which the air is introduced and discharged through the passage, a heating element configured to supply heat to the air discharged by the fan and an outer surface of the case, and a supporter configured to support an external force applied to the case in at least two directions to keep a shape of the case.

A radiation heater apparatus has a plurality of heat radiation parts and a plurality of heating parts. A low thermal conductive part is formed between adjacent two of the heat radiation parts. The low thermal conductive part is provided with resin material which mainly forms a substrate part. The low thermal conductive part thermally isolates the heat radiation part by surrounding a periphery of the heat radiation part. As a body contacts with the surface of the apparatus, the thermal energy of specific heat radiation part directly under the body dissipates heat to the body. Furthermore, heat transfer from the periphery of the specific heat radiation part to the specific heat radiation part is reduced by the low thermal conductive part.

A radiant panel (1) intended to be installed inside a vehicle (80) passenger compartment (3), in particular a motor vehicle passenger compartment, the radiant panel (1) comprising at least one array of electrodes with at least two primary electrodes of different polarities, the array of electrodes being arranged such that at least two primary electrodes of different polarities each define at least one spiral winding around one another.

A heating apparatus for a vehicle includes: a heat-generating apparatus including a heat-generating portion generating heat and a heat-insulating portion positioned above the heat-generating portion and insulating the heat generated from the heat-generating portion; and a storage apparatus storing the heat-generating apparatus.

A microwave heat converter includes a cylindrical waveguide cavity, a non-conductive conduit, and a microwave waveguide. The non-conductive conduit is arranged to carry liquid flowing through a central area of the cylindrical waveguide cavity. The microwave waveguide is configured to deliver microwave power along the cylindrical waveguide cavity in a TE(1,1) mode to heat the liquid. The heat converter may be used in various systems such as heaters, combi boilers, and absorption refrigeration systems.

Multiple vehicle heating systems are disclosed providing a multilayered heating fabric to provide thermal radiation to vehicle occupants. In one embodiment, a heating system comprises a plurality of electrical bus bars and a heating fabric. The plurality of electrical bus bars connect to a battery within a vehicle to receive electrical power. The heating fabric comprises a conductive layer, and a non-conductive layer. The conductive layer comprises a plurality of non-uniform conductive fibers disbursed within a binder. The non-uniform conductive fibers are in electrical communication with at least two of the plurality of electrical bus bars. The non-uniform conductive fibers are adapted to convert electrical power to thermal radiation. The non-conductive layer insulates the conductive layer from the vehicle.

A transport refrigeration (TRU) system is provided and includes a container defining an interior in which PPE is storable, a TRU to generate heated air for sterilizing the PPE and an airflow system disposed in the interior and coupled to the TRU to drive a flow of the heated air from the TRU, throughout the interior and back to the TRU.

A highly efficient heating system for an electric motor vehicle embodies a heat exchanger for warming passenger compartment air and an electrically powered radiant heating source for heating fluid to be circulated through the heat exchanger. The radiant heating source can be infrared, microwave or other frequency selected to efficiently heat the fluid to be circulated through the heat exchanger.