This invention relates to a method of chemical looping using non-stoichiometric materials with a variable degree of non-stoichiometry. One application of these methods is in the water gas shift reaction for H.sub.2 production. The methods of the invention can overcome limitations, e.g. those associated with chemical equilibria, which prevent chemical processes from proceeding with complete conversion of starting materials to products.

Provided is a hydrogen production reactor as a reactor producing a reforming gas including hydrogen, in which a burning unit and a reforming unit are sequentially arranged and spaced apart from each other in a concentric structure based on a raw material transfer pipe positioned at a central axis of the reactor, including a heating raw material transfer pipe supplying a raw material to the burning unit, a burning unit burning the supplied raw material and supplying heat to the reforming unit, a reforming raw material phase change pipe positioned within the burning unit and heating the supplied raw material, and a reforming unit reforming the phase-changed raw material supplied from the reforming raw material phase change pipe, wherein the reforming raw material phase change pipe is provided as a coil surrounding an outer circumferential surface of a lower end of the heating raw material transfer pipe.

A method of removing CO from a mixture of CO and saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons is provided. In one embodiment, the method is to contact a feed stream with an oxygen transfer agent; and then oxidize at least a portion of the CO to CO.sub.2 to produce a stream enriched in CO.sub.2. The saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not further oxidized during the oxidation. The oxygen transfer agent includes at least one of: i) water; ii) at least one reducible metal oxide; iii) at least one reducible chalcogen; or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the CO is converted to methane. The unsaturated hydrocarbons in the feed are not hydrogenated. In both of these alternatives, the CO.sub.2 or methane are then removed. Systems for removing the CO are also provided.

Disclosed herein are a catalyst for low-temperature carbon monoxide purification, a method for manufacturing the same, and a method for purifying carbon monoxide using the same. The catalyst comprises a metal oxide carrier; a transition metal oxide primarily supported on the carrier, and ruthenium secondarily supported on a carrier carrying the transition metal oxide. The catalyst provides an effect capable of purifying carbon monoxide contained in a hydrogen gas at a low temperature.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a catalyst comprising a ruthenium-containing catalyst layer highly dispersed with a uniform thickness on a surface of a substrate having a structure, which comprises first aging a mixed solution of a ruthenium precursor-containing solution and a precipitating agent to form a ruthenium-containing precipitate seeds, secondarily aging the first aged mixed solution to grow the seeds thereby forming ruthenium-containing precipitate particles, and then contacting the particles with a substrate to deposit the particles on the surface of the substrate. Since the catalyst has a structure in which the round shaped ruthenium-containing precipitate particles are piled to form the ruthenium-containing catalyst layer, it has a large specific surface area. Thus, the catalyst may exhibit excellent catalytic performance in various reactions for producing hydrogen using a ruthenium catalyst.

The present invention provides a catalyst and a process for the selective oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) to produce carbon dioxide gas (CO.sub.2). The process provides a process which selectively oxidizes CO to CO.sub.2 in presence of excess hydrogen. The process provides a selective oxidation of CO to CO.sub.2 gas over Cu/CeO.sub.2 catalyst between temperature range 40 C. to 90 C. at atmospheric pressure in presence of excess H.sub.2, H.sub.2O and CO.sub.2. The process provides a CO conversion up to 100% without deactivation till 100 h.

A method for photothermal synthesis gas production. The method comprises feeding methane and carbon dioxide into a photothermal reactor, the photothermal reactor comprising a catalyst. The catalyst comprises a metal organic framework (MOF) derived nanocomposite oxide catalyst, the MOF derived nanocomposite oxide catalyst being grown on titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2) quantum dots.

A hydrogen purifier includes: a CO remover configured to reduce carbon monoxide in a hydrogen-containing gas through an oxidation reaction, the hydrogen-containing gas containing ammonia and carbon monoxide; and an ammonia remover provided upstream from the CO remover, the ammonia remover being configured to cause a reaction between ammonia in the hydrogen-containing gas and oxygen by using a catalyst to decompose the ammonia.

In various implementations, feed streams that include methane are reacted to produce synthesis gas. The synthesis gas may be further processed to produce ultrapure, high-pressure hydrogen streams.

Method for the production of ammonia, and optionally urea, from a flue gas effluent from an oxy-fired process, wherein the production of ammonia and optionally urea includes a net power production. Also provided is a method to effect cooling in an oxy-fired process with air separation unit exit gases utilizing either closed or open cooling loop cycles.