The present invention relates to a method using chemical reaction transparency of graphene, and more specifically to a method capable of forming a desired material by a catalytic reaction on a graphene surface using the graphene which inhibits oxygen diffusion without blocking electron delivery, and an applied method thereof.

A method of producing a multi-layered functionalised graphene oxide paper, comprises the steps of providing an aqueous suspension of oxidised graphene oxide flakes, size reducing the oxidised graphene oxide flakes in the suspension to provide an aqueous suspension of particulate oxidised graphene oxide having an average particle size of less than 1 μm and drying the aqueous suspension in a vessel to provide a multi-layered graphene oxide material. The multi-layered graphene oxide material is annealed to provide a multi-layered reduced graphene oxide material, before surface grafting functional groups to the surface of the multi-layered reduced graphene oxide material by reacting the material with a functional group precursor in the presence of plasma. The use of a graphene oxide material to treat bone defects, and as an energy storage device, is also described.

The present technology provides fibers containing high levels of asphaltene but low levels of sulfur and total metals, starting from highly asphaltenic feeds with significant levels of sulfur and total metals. Thus, the present technology provides fibers comprising at least 30 wt % asphaltenes, less than 1 wt % sulfur and less than 0.1 wt % of total metals based on the weight of the fiber. Further, methods of making such asphaltenic fibers are provided, as well as methods of preparing carbon fibers therefrom.

The present technology provides fibers containing high levels of asphaltene but low levels of sulfur and total metals, starting from highly asphaltenic feeds with significant levels of sulfur and total metals. Thus, the present technology provides fibers comprising at least 30 wt % asphaltenes, less than 1 wt % sulfur and less than 0.1 wt % of total metals based on the weight of the fiber. Further, methods of making such asphaltenic fibers are provided, as well as methods of preparing carbon fibers therefrom.

The present disclosure provides HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles do not pose any cytotoxicity at normal physiological conditions and therefore they are nontoxic and biocompatible at physiological conditions. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles under exposure of laser light cause massive cellular damage indicating their potential use for photodynamic therapy of cancer. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles enhance the magnetic resonance signals from cancer cells and exhibit excellent MRI contrast property for tumor imaging and are therefore useful contrast agent.

The present disclosure provides HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles do not pose any cytotoxicity at normal physiological conditions and therefore they are nontoxic and biocompatible at physiological conditions. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles under exposure of laser light cause massive cellular damage indicating their potential use for photodynamic therapy of cancer. The HRG-Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 hybrid nanoparticles enhance the magnetic resonance signals from cancer cells and exhibit excellent MRI contrast property for tumor imaging and are therefore useful contrast agent.

The present method includes graphene, preferably in the form of flat graphene oxide flakes with, by mass, preferably between 0.5% and 35% PAN. The graphene oxide and conductive-polymer PAN is in a co-suspension in water and is co-deposited on a surface. The deposited PAN with a high-percentage graphene-oxide layer is dried. Our tests have produced electrical conductivities 1000 times more conductive than the PAN by itself. Our testing indicates that using flakes that are flat is essential to getting very high conductivity, and that controlled oxidation is very important in suspending graphene oxide in water.

The present method includes graphene, preferably in the form of flat graphene oxide flakes with, by mass, preferably between 0.5% and 35% PAN. The graphene oxide and conductive-polymer PAN is in a co-suspension in water and is co-deposited on a surface. The deposited PAN with a high-percentage graphene-oxide layer is dried. Our tests have produced electrical conductivities 1000 times more conductive than the PAN by itself. Our testing indicates that using flakes that are flat is essential to getting very high conductivity, and that controlled oxidation is very important in suspending graphene oxide in water.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.