The present disclosure relates to a carbon-based porous material microscopically exhibiting a three-dimensional cross-linked net-like hierarchical pore structures with micropores nested in mesopores that are in turn nested in macropores. Such material provides for accelerated adsorption and desorption rates and lower desorption temperatures for recovery of organic gas molecules.

A carbon-based porous material microscopically exhibiting a three-dimension 1 cross-linked net-like hierarchical pore structure, a specific surface area of 500˜2,500 m.sup.2/g and a water contact angle greater than 90°. The surface of the carbon-based porous material has a through hierarchical pore structure with mesopores nested in macropores and micropores nested in mesopores, the content of mesopores is high, and there are more adsorption activity sites exposed on the surface of the material, so that the diffusion path for organic gas molecules in the adsorption process is shortened. At the same time, the absorption and desorption rates may also be accelerated and the desorption temperature may be lowered. Furthermore, benefits result for solving the desorption and recovery problems of organic gas molecules. Moreover, the defects of ordinary porous carbon materials being easily hygroscopic, having a weakened capacity to adsorb target gas molecules in a humid environment, etc. are further effectively solved.

A carbon-based porous material microscopically exhibiting a three-dimension 1 cross-linked net-like hierarchical pore structure, a specific surface area of 500˜2,500 m.sup.2/g and a water contact angle greater than 90°. The surface of the carbon-based porous material has a through hierarchical pore structure with mesopores nested in macropores and micropores nested in mesopores, the content of mesopores is high, and there are more adsorption activity sites exposed on the surface of the material, so that the diffusion path for organic gas molecules in the adsorption process is shortened. At the same time, the absorption and desorption rates may also be accelerated and the desorption temperature may be lowered. Furthermore, benefits result for solving the desorption and recovery problems of organic gas molecules. Moreover, the defects of ordinary porous carbon materials being easily hygroscopic, having a weakened capacity to adsorb target gas molecules in a humid environment, etc. are further effectively solved.

Modified activated carbon is disclosed for use in water treatment. In at least some embodiments, activated carbon may be treated with a positively-charged surfactant, i.e. a quaternary ammonium-based surfactant, to promote the removal of poly- and perfluorolkyl substances from water.

Modified activated carbon is disclosed for use in water treatment. In at least some embodiments, activated carbon may be treated with a positively-charged surfactant, i.e. a quaternary ammonium-based surfactant, to promote the removal of poly- and perfluorolkyl substances from water.

The disclosure provides for methods of oxidizing carbide anions, or negative ions, from salt like carbides at temperatures from about 150° C. to about 750° C. In another aspect, the disclosure provides for reactions with intermediate transition metal carbides. In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides for a system of reactions where salt-like carbide anions and intermediate carbide anions are oxidized to produce pure carbon of various allotropes.

The disclosure provides for methods of oxidizing carbide anions, or negative ions, from salt like carbides at temperatures from about 150° C. to about 750° C. In another aspect, the disclosure provides for reactions with intermediate transition metal carbides. In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides for a system of reactions where salt-like carbide anions and intermediate carbide anions are oxidized to produce pure carbon of various allotropes.

An apparatus for the manufacture of synthetic diamonds includes a pressure vessel having a chamber therein, and a body located in the chamber. The pressure vessel and the body are formed of materials having different coefficients of expansion. The coefficient of expansion of the body is greater than the coefficient of expansion of the pressure vessel. The pressure vessel is formed from a material having a melting point in excess of 1327 C. and capable of withstanding a pressure of at least 4.4 Gpa at a temperature of at least 1327 C. The chamber is configured to receive the body, and a carbon source, the apparatus further comprising a heating means configured to heat at least the body to a temperature at least of 1327 C. The coefficient of expansion of the body is selected such that upon heating thereof to at least 1327 C. the pressure exerted on the carbon source is at least 4.4 Gpa.

The disclosure provides for methods of oxidizing carbide anions, or negative ions, from salt like carbides at low temperatures below about 600 C. In another aspect, the disclosure provides for reactions with intermediate transition metal carbides. In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides for a system of reactions where salt-like carbide anions and intermediate carbide anions are oxidized to produce pure carbon of various allotropes.

The disclosure provides for methods of oxidizing carbide anions, or negative ions, from salt like carbides at low temperatures below about 600 C. In another aspect, the disclosure provides for reactions with intermediate transition metal carbides. In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides for a system of reactions where salt-like carbide anions and intermediate carbide anions are oxidized to produce pure carbon of various allotropes.