An anode material, including a matrix material, and the matrix material comprises carbon-doped silicon monoxide, and a content of the carbon ranges from 0.5% to 10% based on a total mass of the carbon and silicon monoxide. The anode material can significantly improve the cycle performance of an electrochemical device at room temperature and high temperature.

A negative electrode active material including a core, an intermediate layer on a surface of the core, and a shell layer on a surface of the intermediate layer, wherein the core includes a silicon oxide of SiO.sub.x (0<x<2); the intermediate layer includes a lithium silicate, the shell layer includes lithium fluoride (LiF) and the intermediate layer is present in an amount of 5 wt %-15 wt % based on a total weight of the negative electrode active material. Also, a method for preparing the negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode and lithium secondary battery including the same. The negative electrode active material provides excellent initial efficiency and life characteristics.

Disclosed is a negative electrode active material which includes: secondary particles having a plurality of primary particles which include a silicon oxide composite including i) Si, ii) a silicon oxide represented by SiO.sub.x (0<x≤2), and iii) a metal silicate containing Si and M, wherein M is at least one of Li and Mg; and a first carbon coating layer disposed partially or totally on the surfaces of the primary particles to interconnect and fix the primary particles; and a second carbon coating layer disposed on the surfaces of the secondary particles, wherein the second carbon coating layer has higher crystallinity as compared to the first carbon coating layer, and the primary particles have an average particle diameter (D.sub.50) of 0.1-3.5 μm. A negative electrode including the negative electrode active material, and a lithium secondary battery including the negative electrode are also disclosed.

Ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, curable ink compositions containing the ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, and methods of forming films from the ink compositions are provided. Also provided are cured films formed by curing the ink compositions and photonic devices incorporating the films. The ligands bound to the inorganic scattering nanoparticles include a head group and a tail group. The head group includes a polyamine chain and binds the ligands to the nanoparticle surface. The tail group includes a polyalkylene oxide chain.

Ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, curable ink compositions containing the ligand-capped scattering nanoparticles, and methods of forming films from the ink compositions are provided. Also provided are cured films formed by curing the ink compositions and photonic devices incorporating the films. The ligands bound to the inorganic scattering nanoparticles include a head group and a tail group. The head group includes a polyamine chain and binds the ligands to the nanoparticle surface. The tail group includes a polyalkylene oxide chain.

Provided is a negative electrode material for a secondary battery, which is in a particle form including: a matrix including a silicon oxide, a composite oxide of silicon and one or more doping elements selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and post transition metals, or a mixture thereof; and silicon nanoparticles dispersed and embedded in the matrix, wherein a compressive strength (St) of the particles is 100 MPa or more, and a ratio (A.sub.1/A.sub.2) between an area of a first peak (A.sub.1) and an area of a second peak (A.sub.2) satisfies 0.8 to 6, a diffraction angle 2θ being positioned in a range of 10° to 27.4° in the first peak and being positioned in a range of 28±0.5° in the second peak, in an X-ray diffraction pattern using a CuKα ray.

Provided are: a composite of a silicate-based base material and a rare-earth compound, having high light-emitting intensity and capable of being used as light-emitting particles, light-emitting nanoparticle including the same, a cell detection method, a method for treating an animal, a medical device, and a method for producing the composite of a silicate-based base material and a rare-earth compound. This composite of a silicate-based base material and a rare-earth compound includes elemental silicon (Si) and elemental oxygen (O), the rare-earth compound comprising at least one selected from a chloride of a rare-earth element and a fluoride of a rare-earth element, the silicate-based base material having a solid .sup.29Si-NMR spectrum satisfying Q.sub.4/Q.sub.3 of 1.6 to 3.9 where Q.sub.4 represents a peak area derived from Si(OSi)4 and Q.sub.3 represents a peak area derived from HO—Si(OSi).sub.3.

An object of the present invention is to provide a silicon monoxide gas generating raw material in which a reaction that generates a silicon monoxide (SiO) gas is hardly inhibited. The silicon monoxide gas generating raw material according to the present invention has a water content of 0.6 wt % or less.

In a method for continuously generating silicon monoxide (SiO) gas, wherein a silicon monoxide gas-generating raw material in a raw material supply unit is continuously charged into a reaction chamber RM, an inert gas is flowed through the raw material supply unit so as to be directed toward the charging direction of the silicon monoxide gas-generating raw material. The method for continuously generating silicon monoxide gas prevents a decrease in yield of the silicon monoxide (SiO) gas-generating raw material.

In a method for continuously generating silicon monoxide (SiO) gas, wherein a silicon monoxide gas-generating raw material in a raw material supply unit is continuously charged into a reaction chamber RM, an inert gas is flowed through the raw material supply unit so as to be directed toward the charging direction of the silicon monoxide gas-generating raw material. The method for continuously generating silicon monoxide gas prevents a decrease in yield of the silicon monoxide (SiO) gas-generating raw material.