Compositions made from combinations including an hydrated ionic clay and a tobacco material are described herein. Methods of manufacture, as well as methods of extracting nicotine from these compositions are also described. The compositions can be used to prepare liquid vaporizable materials by extracting nicotine from tobacco material and directly from the tobacco material and into a liquid vaporizable material.

Compositions and methods for determining the origin location of a subterranean sample are provided. Compositions include a polymer-clay composite tag. The tag includes a nanoclay including a plurality of layers, and a polymer intercalated between the layers of the nanoclay. The polymer is functionalized with a fluorescent dye. A method to determine the origin location of a subterranean sample includes mixing a barcoded polymer-clay composite tag into a fluid, flowing the fluid through a work string into a subterranean formation, recovering subterranean samples from the subterranean formation, and determining the origin location of the subterranean sample by detecting the presence of the barcoded polymer-clay composite tag.

Compositions and methods for determining the origin location of a subterranean sample are provided. Compositions include a polymer-clay composite tag. The tag includes a nanoclay including a plurality of layers, and a polymer intercalated between the layers of the nanoclay. The polymer is functionalized with a fluorescent dye. A method to determine the origin location of a subterranean sample includes mixing a barcoded polymer-clay composite tag into a fluid, flowing the fluid through a work string into a subterranean formation, recovering subterranean samples from the subterranean formation, and determining the origin location of the subterranean sample by detecting the presence of the barcoded polymer-clay composite tag.

A method of enriching nano-bentonite from a raw bentonite composition comprises the steps of mixing the raw bentonite composition with water to produce a bentonite solution, increasing the temperature of the bentonite solution to produce a warm bentonite solution, mixing the warm bentonite solution at a mixing rate to produce a colloidal solution, filtering the colloidal solution with a micro-sieve to produce a filtered colloidal solution, centrifuging the filtered colloidal solution at a centrifuge rate for a centrifuge time to produce a separated colloidal solution, wherein the nano-sized impurities are selected from the group consisting of quartz, feldspar, cristbalite, calcite, iron oxides, magnetite, calcium carbonate, and combinations of the same, and drying the separated colloidal solution to remove water to produce the nano-bentonite.

An object is to provide a composition that contains a phosphorus-containing carbon quantum dot and can efficiently emit relatively long wavelength light. The composition to achieve the above object contains: a phosphorus-containing carbon quantum dot containing phosphorus as a heteroatom; and a smectite.

A layered inorganic mineral including a surface treated with a fluorine-containing compound, where the layered inoganic mineral that can be favorably used for a toner that is excellent in high charging ability, charging stability, and low temperature fixing ability, and that can exhibits high reliability during cleaning.

An object is to provide a composition containing a boron-containing carbon quantum dot, the composition being in a solid state at room temperature, having good emission efficiency, and further having high thermal stability at high temperatures. The composition to achieve the above object contains: a boron-containing carbon quantum dot containing boron as a heteroatom; and a layered clay mineral, and the composition is solid at 25° C. and 1 atm.

A method for producing an electrically-conductive pellet includes reducing a size of a first material. The method also includes wetting the first material to produce a first slurry. The method also includes introducing the first slurry into a fluidizer to produce a first pellet. The method also includes reducing a size of a second material. The second material is an electrically-conductive material. The method also includes wetting the second material to produce a second slurry. The method also includes applying the second slurry to the first pellet.

A method for producing an electrically-conductive pellet includes reducing a size of a first material. The method also includes wetting the first material to produce a first slurry. The method also includes introducing the first slurry into a fluidizer to produce a first pellet. The method also includes reducing a size of a second material. The second material is an electrically-conductive material. The method also includes wetting the second material to produce a second slurry. The method also includes applying the second slurry to the first pellet.

A process for treating a petroleum fraction and for efficiently absorbing an organic halogen compound from a fluid mixture of the organic halogen compound and an inorganic halogen compound derived from crude oil. Also disclosed is an improvement in absorption performance of a halogen-compound-absorbing material, thereby reducing the frequency with which the absorbing material is exchanged. The absorbing agent includes attapulgite (palygorskite) having high absorption performance with respect to organic halogen compounds. Also disclosed is an absorption column in which the aforementioned absorbing agent and a halogen-compound-absorbing agent, that includes zinc oxide, are disposed in series, thereby making it possible to raise the treatment performance with respect to a fluid that contains, in high concentrations, the organic halogen compound in addition to the inorganic halogen compound.