The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for producing a carbon nanomaterial product (CNM) product that may comprise carbon nanotubes and various other allotropes of nanocarbon. The method and apparatus employ a consumable carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and a renewable carbonate electrolyte as reactants in an electrolysis reaction in order to make CNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, operational conditions of the electrolysis reaction may be varied in order to produce the CNM product with a greater incidence of a desired allotrope of nanocarbon or a desired combination of two or more allotropes.

An electrochromic device comprising a substrate, a set of electrodes disposed on or within the substrate, and a layer comprising ε-WO.sub.3 disposed in electrical communication with the set of electrodes, wherein the layer of ε-WO.sub.3 exhibits polarization switching are described. Methods of making and using the electrochromic devices are also described. The electrochromic devices are used for detecting acetone in a fluid. The observed change in color of the ε-WO.sub.3 layer can be correlated with a subject's medical condition, such as diabetes.

Proposed are a layered Group III-V antimony compound, a Group III-V nanosheet that may be prepared using the same, and an electrical device including the materials. There is proposed a layered compound having a composition represented by [Formula 1] M.sub.x−mA.sub.ySb.sub.z (Where M is at least one of Group I elements, A is at least one of Group III elements, x, y, and z are positive numbers which are determined according to stoichiometric ratios to ensure charge balance when m is 0, and 0<m<x).

An alumina powder containing: a first alumina particle having average particle diameter from 0.1 μm to 1 μm; a second alumina particle having average particle diameter from 1 μm to 10 μm; and a third alumina particle having average particle diameter from 10 μm to 100 μm, wherein the particle diameters are measured using laser light diffraction scattering particle size distribution analyzer, average sphericity of first alumina particle having projected area equivalent circle diameter from 0.1 μm to 1 μm as determined by microscopy is from 0.80 to 0.98, and a ratio of D90/D10 of first alumina particle is from 2.0 to 8.0 wherein the ratio of D90/D10 is a ratio when particle diameter at cumulative value of 10% from fine particle side of cumulative particle size distribution on volume basis is D10 and particle diameter at cumulative value of 90% from fine particle side is D90.

An electrically conductive thin film including: a material including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and having a layered crystal structure,
Me.sub.mA.sub.a  Chemical Formula 1
wherein Me is Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, A is S, Se, Te, or a combination thereof, and m and a each are independently a number selected so that the compound of Chemical Formula 1 is neutral; and a dopant disposed in the compound of Chemical Formula 1, wherein the dopant is a metal dopant that is different from Me and has an oxidation state which is greater than an oxidation state of Me, a non-metal dopant having a greater number of valence electrons than a number of valence electrons of A in Chemical Formula 1, or a combination thereof, and wherein the compound of Chemical Formula 1 includes a chemical bond which includes a valence electron of an s orbital of Me.

A problem to be solved is to provide a method for processing zirconia without producing a monoclinic crystal. The solution is a method for processing zirconia, including the step of irradiating the zirconia with a laser with a pulse duration of 10.sup.−12 seconds to 10.sup.−15 seconds at an intensity of 10.sup.13 to 10.sup.15 W/cm.sup.2.

Methods of determining and controlling the deformability of ceramic materials, as a nonlimiting example, YSZ, particularly through the application of a flash sintering process, and to ceramic materials produced by such methods. Such a method includes providing a nanocrystalline powder of a ceramic material, making a compact of the powder, and subjecting the compact to flash sintering by applying an electric field and thermal energy to the compact.

Nanodiamonds are grown under conditions where diamond-like organic seed molecules do not decompose. This permits engineered growth of fluorescent nanodiamonds wherein a custom designed seed molecule can be incorporated at the center of a nanodiamond. By substituting atoms at particular locations in the seed molecule it is possible to achieve complex multi-atom diamond color centers or even to engineer complete quantum registers. In addition, it is possible to grow ultra-small nanodiamonds, wherein each nanodiamond, no matter how small, can have at least one bright and photostable fluorescent emitter.

The invention provides chunk polycrystalline silicon having a concentration of carbon at the surface of 0.5-35 ppbw. A process for cleaning polycrystalline silicon chunks having carbon contaminations at the surface, includes a thermal treatment of the polycrystalline silicon chunks in a reactor at a temperature of 350 to 600° C., the polycrystalline silicon chunks being present in an inert gas atmosphere during the thermal treatment, and the polycrystalline silicon chunks after the thermal treatment having a concentration of carbon at the surface of 0.5-35 ppbw.

Bandgap-tunable perovskite compositions are provided having the formula CsPb(A.sub.xB.sub.y).sub.3, wherein A and B are each a halogen. The mixed halide perovskite composition has a morphology which suppresses phase segregation to stabilize a tuned bandgap of the mixed halide perovskite composition. For example, the perovskite may be in the form of nanocrystals embedded in a non-perovskite matrix, which, for example, may have the formula Cs.sub.4Pb(A.sub.xB.sub.y).sub.6, wherein A and B are each a halogen. Solar cells and light-emitting diodes comprising the mixed perovskite compositions are also provided.