A lithium complex oxide includes a mixture of first particles of n1 (n1>40) aggregated primary particles and second particles of n2 (n2≤20) aggregated primary particles, the lithium complex oxide represented by Chemical Formula 1 and having FWHM (deg., 2θ) of 104 peak in XRD, defined by a hexagonal lattice having R-3m space group, in a range of Formula 1:

Li.sub.aNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zM.sub.1-x-y-zO.sub.2,   [Chemical Formula 1]

where M is selected from: B, Ba, Ce, Cr, F, Mg, Al, Cr, V, Ti, Fe, Zr, Zn, Si, Y, Nb, Ga, Sn, Mo, W, P, Sr, and any combination thereof, 0.9≤a≤1.3, 0.6≤x≤1.0, 0.0≤y≤=0.4, 0.0≤z≤0.4, and 0.0≤1-x-y-z≤0.4,

−0.025≤FWHM.sub.(104)−{0.04+(x.sub.first particle−0.6)×0.25}≤0.025,   [Formula 1]

where FWHM.sub.(104) is represented by Formula 2,

FWHM.sub.(104)={(FWHM.sub.Chemical Formula 1 powder(104)−0.1×mass ratio of second particles)/mass ratio of first particles}−FWHM.sub.Si powder (220).   [Formula 2]

Provided is a positive electrode active material that can increase a volume capacity density of a positive electrode of a nonaqueous battery secondary battery and can provide the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery with high cycle characteristics. A positive electrode active material disclosed here includes monoparticulate first lithium composite oxide particles and secondary particulate second lithium composite oxide particles. An average particle size of the second lithium composite oxide particles is larger than an average particle size of the first lithium composite oxide particles. The second lithium composite oxide particles have a porosity of 0.9% to 4.0%.

A method for preparing a modified graphite includes performing crushing on coal-based needle coke to obtain a first material, performing shaping fine powder removal on the first material to obtain a second material, performing heat treatment on the second material in a reaction kettle and then cooling the second material after the heat treatment to room temperature to obtain a third material, and performing graphitization on the third material in a graphitization furnace and then cooling the third material after the graphitization to room temperature to obtain the modified graphite.

Process for making a particulate (oxy)hydroxide of TM wherein TM comprises nickel wherein said process comprises the steps of: (a) Providing an aqueous solution (α) containing water-soluble salts of Ni and of at least one transition metal selected from Co and Mn, and, optionally, at least one further metal selected from Ti, Zr, Mo, W, Al, Mg, Nb, and Ta, and an aqueous solution (β) containing an alkali metal hydroxide and, optionally, an aqueous solution (γ) containing ammonia, (b) combining a solution (α) and a solution (β) and, if applicable, a solution (γ) at a pH value in the range of from 12.0 to 13.0, thereby creating solid particles of hydroxide containing nickel, (c) continuing combining solutions (α) and (β) and, if applicable, (γ) at a pH value in the range of from 9.0 to 12.0 and in any way below the pH value in step (b), (d) adding a solution (α) and a solution (β) and, if applicable, a solution (γ) at a pH value in the range of from 12.0 to 12.7 and in any way above the pH value in step (c), (e) continuing combining such solutions (α) and (β) and, if applicable, (γ) at a pH value in the range of from 9.0 to 12.0 and in any way below the pH value in step (d), wherein step (d) has a duration in the range of from rt-0.01 to rt-0.15 and wherein it is the average residence time of the reactor in which steps (b) to (e) are carried out.

The present disclosure provides a novel composite transition metal oxide-based precursor, a preparing method thereof, and a cathode active material for a secondary battery prepared from the precursor. In the present disclosure, it is possible to enhance productivity and economic efficiency due to a high reaction yield during the synthesis of a cathode active material and to enhance the initial discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics of a secondary battery including a cathode active material by using an oxide-based precursor having a high oxygen fraction instead of a hydroxide-based precursor used as a precursor of a cathode active material in the related art.

Provided herein is a negative active material including an ordered porous manganese oxide, wherein pores of the ordered porous manganese oxide have a bimodal size distribution. Provided herein is a method of preparing a negative active material that includes the ordered porous manganese oxide. The invention also includes a negative electrode which includes the negative active material and a lithium battery which includes the negative electrode.

The present disclosure relates to a positive electrode material including a spinel-structured lithium manganese-based first positive electrode active material and a lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt-based second positive electrode active material, wherein the first positive electrode active material includes a lithium manganese oxide represented by Formula 1 and a coating layer which is disposed on a surface of the lithium manganese oxide, the second positive electrode active material is represented by Formula 2, and an average particle diameter of the second positive electrode active material is greater than an average particle diameter of the first positive electrode active material, and a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery which include the positive electrode material:
Li.sub.1+aMn.sub.2−bM.sup.1.sub.bO.sub.4−cA.sub.c  [Formula 1]
Li.sub.1+x[Ni.sub.yCo.sub.zMn.sub.wM.sup.2.sub.v]O.sub.2−pB.sub.p  [Formula 2]

A method for producing nano-clays comprising forming a mixture of a clay and water, wherein water is present in an amount of from 2 to 10% by weight of the total weight of clay and water, and milling the mixture of clay and water in the presence of a grinding media to form the nano-clay.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing basic zinc chloride, comprising the following steps: A: preparing raw materials: preparing zinc chloride solution, ammonia water and an induction system; B: performing synthesis: adding the zinc chloride solution and the ammonia water into the induction system in a parallel flow manner, and controlling the temperature to be 60.0-90.0° C.; after the feeding is finished, continuing to react for 20.0-40.0 minutes; and C: performing filtration, washing and drying: after filtering and washing the synthesized basic zinc chloride, drying the basic zinc chloride for 4.0-8.0 hours at 80-105° C. to obtain the basic zinc chloride product. Compared with the prior art, the method for preparing basic zinc chloride has such advantages as simple process, low impurity content, easy-to-control product quality, and suitability for industrialization.

The invention relates to a pigment composition for preparing pigmented matt coatings, such as matt paints and printing inks. Further, the invention relates to a process for preparing such pigment composition, and to a coating formulation containing such composition. Finally, the invention is directed to a pigmented matt surface of a substrate, and to the use of the pigment compositions disclosed herein for matting substrates.