The present application discloses a composite graphite material, a secondary battery, an apparatus and a preparation method thereof. The composite graphite material includes a core material and a coating layer coating at least a part of the surface of the core material, the core material including graphite; wherein the absolute value K of zeta potential of the composite graphite material in deionized water with a pH of 7 is at least 20 mV. The use of the composite graphite material provided by the present application can improve the cohesion and bonding force of the negative electrode plate, thereby reducing the cyclic expansion of the secondary battery.

A positive electrode material includes a first lithium manganese iron phosphate material in an aggregate form, a second and third lithium manganese iron phosphate materials in an aggregate and/or single-crystal-like form, and a fourth and fifth lithium manganese iron phosphate materials in a single-crystal-like form. D.sub.50.sup.5<D.sub.50.sup.4<D.sub.50.sup.3<D.sub.50.sup.2<D.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.2=aD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.3=bD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.4=cD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.5=dD.sub.50.sup.1, and 5 μm≤D.sub.50.sup.1≤15 μm. 0.35≤a≤0.5, 0.2≤b≤0.27, 0.17≤c≤0.18, and 0.15≤d≤0.16. Molar ratios of manganese to iron in the first, the second, the third and the fourth lithium manganese iron phosphate materials increase sequentially, and a molar ratio of manganese to iron in the fifth lithium manganese iron phosphate material is greater than that in the third lithium manganese iron phosphate material.

This disclosure concerns flux-calcined products manufactured from filtration waste streams, and methods for manufacturing the same. In particular, it concerns functional additives produced from spent cake comprising diatomite filtration media which are suitable for use in paints, plastic films and elastomers for control of optical and surface properties, and processes which are suitable for manufacture of such products. It further concerns the recovery of energy from spent cakes during the regeneration process.

Provided is a new cerium-based particle and a polishing slurry composition including the same. The new cerium-based particle may include a self-assembly of fine particles and an organic material.

Disclosed is a simple, inexpensive method for preparing a hydrophobic silica aerogel by using a sodium silicate solution as a silica precursor.

Low-density carbon nanotubes may be prepared using a fluidized bed reactor provided with a side nozzle, and are excellent in electrical properties and appearance characteristics when used as a composite material.

A method of forming nanocrystalline graphene according to an embodiment may include: arranging a substrate having a pattern in a reaction chamber; injecting a reaction gas into the reaction chamber, where the reaction gas includes a carbon source gas, an inert gas, and a hydrogen gas that are mixed; generating a plasma of the reaction gas in the reaction chamber; and directly growing the nanocrystalline graphene on a surface of the pattern using the plasma of the reaction gas at a process temperature. The pattern may include a first material and the substrate may include a second material different from the first material.

The present invention relates to composite particles containing silicon and carbon, wherein a domain size region of vacancies of 2 nm or less is 44% by volume or more and 70% by volume or less when volume distribution information of domain sizes obtained by fitting a small-angle X-ray scattering spectrum of the composite particles with a spherical model in a carbon-vacancy binary system is accumulated in ascending order, and a true density calculated by dry density measurement by a constant volume expansion method using helium gas is 1.80 g/cm.sup.3 or more and 2.20 g/cm.sup.3 or less.

Particles with suitable properties may be generated using systems and methods provided herein. The particles may include carbon particles.

A process for gas-phase synthesis of titanium dioxide aerosol gels with controlled monomer size and crystalline phase using a diffusion flame aerosol reactor operated in a buoyancy-opposed configuration is disclosed. The process includes introducing a precursor stream into a diffusion flame aerosol reactor, introducing a fuel stream into the reactor, combusting the precursor stream and the fuel stream in a flame to form at least one nanoparticle, and operating the reactor in a down-fired buoyancy-opposed configuration to produce the aerosol gel.