An acid solution and method of making an acid solution are provided. The method includes exposing a reactant solution to an energy beam to form the acid solution, the reactant solution includes water and a salt. The salt is selected from a group consisting of a chloride salt and a bromide salt and the acid solution is selected from a group consisting of a hypochlorous acid solution and a hypobromous acid solution.

A universal chemical processor (UCP) including a reactor vessel having a central longitudinal axis and main chamber comprises a first inlet port for a main feedstock, a second inlet port for a fluidizing medium and a third inlet port for one or more reactants. The UCP also includes a reactive radioactive chemical processor (R.sup.2CP) that contains a radioactive element positioned extending along the longitudinal axis in the main chamber. In operation, a fluidized bed can be supported in the main chamber when a fluidizing medium and feedstock are supplied to the main chamber through the first and second inlet ports and the radioactive element of the R.sup.2CP emits ionizing radiation that is capable of ionizing feedstock and reactants, inducing chemical reactions, and sterilizing and decomposing any organic materials within a radiation zone.

A method for differentially lysing a liquid sample or target material using an augmented oxidizing agent (AOA), which includes a quantity of electronically modified oxygen derivatives (EMODs). The method reduces or eliminates total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), Biologic Oxygen Demand (BOD), microbial concentration, biofilms and other content in the liquid target material known or suspected to contain animal fluids, blood and blood cells and suspected or known to contain eukaryotic cells, microbial cells, bacteria, viruses, spores, fungi, prions, organic matter, minerals, proteins or associated structures. The BOD, TDS and TSS can be lowered or eliminated as desired. This action is directly proportional to the quantity of EMODs in the AOS applied to the liquid target material.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium disposed in an artificial container. The method places in a vicinity of the medium at least one of a plasmonics agent and an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy through the artificial container to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the plasmonics agent or the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The energy modulation agent has a normal predominant emission of radiation in a first wavelength range outside of a second wavelength range (WR2) known to produce the change, but under exposure to the applied initiation energy produces the change. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

A method and a system for producing a change in a medium. The method places in a vicinity of the medium an energy modulation agent. The method applies an initiation energy to the medium. The initiation energy interacts with the energy modulation agent to directly or indirectly produce the change in the medium. The energy modulation agent has a normal predominant emission of radiation in a first wavelength range outside of a second wavelength range (WR2) known to produce the change, but under exposure to the applied initiation energy produces the change. The system includes an initiation energy source configured to apply an initiation energy to the medium to activate the energy modulation agent.

Disclosed is a method for removing an antibiotic resistance gene by using ionizing radiation, wherein same comprises treating antibiotic-microorganism residues using ionizing radiation to destroy the DNA of microbial cells, thereby realizing the effective removal of the resistance gene, and same can simultaneously degrade residual antibiotics, wherein the ionizing radiation is performed using gamma rays or a high energy electron beam generated by an electron accelerator. The radiation in the method can be performed at room temperature and has broad application prospects in the environmental field.

The present invention provides a method for removing a heavy metal from a water body, including the following steps: mixing a soluble permanganate with a water body containing heavy metal, and performing an oxidation-adsorption reaction under a light irradiation condition. The present invention does not require additional addition of other catalysts, but utilizes light to photo-decompose the permanganate to produce an active manganese substance (for example, Mn (V) and Mn (III)), a hydroxyl radical (.OH), and a stable colloidal manganese oxide having rich surface hydroxyl groups and a large specific surface area. These active substances can promote the release of an organic heavy metal into an inorganic heavy metal ion by oxidation; they can also promote the adsorption of the colloidal manganese oxide on the inorganic heavy metal ion; thus, the inorganic heavy metal and the organic heavy metal are removed from the water body.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for using irradiated tertiary treated sewage effluent (TTSE) for use in upstream and downstream well operations are disclosed. In some implementations, the TTSE is treated with ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays or electron beam radiation, in order to sterilize the TTSE. The sterilized TTSE is utilized in a well treatment operation, such as drilling operations, completion operations, pressure maintenance operations, and hydraulic fracturing operations. Sterilization of the TTSE prior to introduction into a well prevents damage to the well, such as fouling of a reservoir or reduction in permeability of the reservoir or both.

Described herein are various methods, systems, and apparatus for reducing and eliminating, microbes, minerals, chemicals and biofilms from contaminated substances. A combination of oxidizing agents and radiation of certain wavelengths forming a synergistic reaction. The synergistic reaction generates EMODs, which are effective in reducing microbial count, unwanted mineral or chemical concentrations and eliminating or blocking biofilm formation, particularly in anaerobic environments. The synergistic reaction produces long lasting EMODs thereby creating a residual effect. This synergistic reaction has a relationship to EMOD creation and has a detrimental effect on microbial contamination (MC), mineral contamination (MINC), chemical contamination (CC), microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) and biofilm creation. MC, MINC, CC, MIC and biofilm can be eliminated or greatly reduced with the treatment methods in or on equipment including pipelines, storage tanks, supplying systems, cooling systems, and processing equipment.