The present application provides, among other things, compounds and methods for metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and/or stereoselectivity. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and Z-selectivity. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and E-selectivity. In some embodiments, provided technologies are particularly useful for preparing alkenyl fluorides. In some embodiments, a provided compound useful for metathesis reactions has the structure of formula II-a. In some embodiments, a provided compound useful for metathesis reactions has the structure of formula II-b.

Methods of producing substituted and non-substituted beta-methyl styrene by a cross-coupling reaction are provided. The disclosure also provides for methods of preparing (E)-Anethol and related compounds by a cross coupling reaction of potassium allyltrifluoroborate and 4-bromoanisole and aryl halides. Compounds, compositions, and methods of treating disorders utilizing beta-methyl styrene are also provided.

Methods of producing substituted and non-substituted beta-methyl styrene by a cross-coupling reaction are provided. The disclosure also provides for methods of preparing (E)-Anethol and related compounds by a cross coupling reaction of potassium allyltrifluoroborate and 4-bromoanisole and aryl halides. Compounds, compositions, and methods of treating disorders utilizing beta-methyl styrene are also provided.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

A long life catalyst is provided that is conveniently and inexpensively capable of being produced and that is highly active and has inhibited metal leakage. According to aspects of the present invention, a catalyst is provided that includes: a polymer including a plurality of first structural units and a plurality of second structural units; and metal acting as a catalytic center, wherein at least part of the metal is covered with the polymer, each of the plurality of first structural units has a first atom constituting a main chain of the polymer and a first substituent group bonded to the first atom, a second atom included in each of the plurality of second structural units is bonded to the first atom, and the second atom is different from the first atom, or at least one of all substituent groups on the second atom is different from the first substituent group.

A long life catalyst is provided that is conveniently and inexpensively capable of being produced and that is highly active and has inhibited metal leakage. According to aspects of the present invention, a catalyst is provided that includes: a polymer including a plurality of first structural units and a plurality of second structural units; and metal acting as a catalytic center, wherein at least part of the metal is covered with the polymer, each of the plurality of first structural units has a first atom constituting a main chain of the polymer and a first substituent group bonded to the first atom, a second atom included in each of the plurality of second structural units is bonded to the first atom, and the second atom is different from the first atom, or at least one of all substituent groups on the second atom is different from the first substituent group.

Disclosed are a method for producing a highly reactive intermediate, which comprises: preparing an electron-accepting active compound (1), preparing a piezoelectric material (3), and applying mechanical strain to the piezoelectric material (3) in the presence of the electron-accepting active compound (1) and the piezoelectric material (3), and subjecting the compound (1) to one-electron reduction to generate a corresponding highly reactive intermediate; a redox reaction method using the method for producing the same; and a method for producing a redox reaction product.