The application relates to processes and systems that use a furfural compound for producing five-membered carbocyclic rings that are unsaturated, such as cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene. Examples methods for conversion of furfural compounds may include converting a furfural compound to at least a five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring, and converting the five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring in a presence of a catalyst to at least a five-membered, unsaturated carbocyclic ring.

The application relates to processes and systems that use a furfural compound for producing five-membered carbocyclic rings that are unsaturated, such as cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene. Examples methods for conversion of furfural compounds may include converting a furfural compound to at least a five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring, and converting the five-membered, saturated carbocyclic ring in a presence of a catalyst to at least a five-membered, unsaturated carbocyclic ring.

This disclosure relates to the preparation of diphenyl compounds, especially dimethylbiphenyl compounds, in which there is one methyl group on each ring, and their oxidized analogues. These compounds, and particularly alkylated biphenyl compounds and biphenylcarboxylic acids, alcohols and esters, are useful intermediates in the production of a variety of commercially valuable products, including polyesters and plasticizers for PVC and other polymer compositions.

This disclosure relates to the preparation of diphenyl compounds, especially dimethylbiphenyl compounds, in which there is one methyl group on each ring, and their oxidized analogues. These compounds, and particularly alkylated biphenyl compounds and biphenylcarboxylic acids, alcohols and esters, are useful intermediates in the production of a variety of commercially valuable products, including polyesters and plasticizers for PVC and other polymer compositions.

Disclosed are a method and a system for producing bio-derived aromatic hydrocarbons from a renewable resource. More particularly, the disclosure provides for the co-location of a biomass reactor unit and an aromatization reactor unit to produce benzene from a renewable source such as plant mass. Hexane produced from cellulose in the biomass reactor unit can be converted to benzene in the aromatization reactor unit and hydrogen produced in the aromatization reactor unit can be used in the biomass reactor unit. Also described is the use of a mixture of bio-derived hexane produced from cellulose and naphtha in an aromatization process.

Disclosed are a method and a system for producing bio-derived aromatic hydrocarbons from a renewable resource. More particularly, the disclosure provides for the co-location of a biomass reactor unit and an aromatization reactor unit to produce benzene from a renewable source such as plant mass. Hexane produced from cellulose in the biomass reactor unit can be converted to benzene in the aromatization reactor unit and hydrogen produced in the aromatization reactor unit can be used in the biomass reactor unit. Also described is the use of a mixture of bio-derived hexane produced from cellulose and naphtha in an aromatization process.

Disclosed are a method and a system for producing bio-derived aromatic hydrocarbons from a renewable resource. More particularly, the disclosure provides for the co-location of a biomass reactor unit and an aromatization reactor unit to produce benzene from a renewable source such as plant mass. Hexane produced from cellulose in the biomass reactor unit can be converted to benzene in the aromatization reactor unit and hydrogen produced in the aromatization reactor unit can be used in the biomass reactor unit. Also described is the use of a mixture of bio-derived hexane produced from cellulose and naphtha in an aromatization process.

A process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the fused-ring alkane fuel has the following structure: ##STR00001##
wherein n is 1 or 2; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are H or CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3;
the fused-ring alkane fuel has a density of greater than 0.870 g/cm.sup.3, a freezing point of not higher than 50 C., and a net mass heat value of not less than 42.0 MJ/kg; the process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the process includes steps of: (1) in a presence of ultraviolet light and a photocatalyst, a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic enone and a substituted or unsubstituted furan molecule occurs to produce a fuel precursor molecule: ##STR00002##
(2) the fuel precursor molecule obtained in the step (1) is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation to produce the fused-ring alkane fuel. ##STR00003##

A process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the fused-ring alkane fuel has the following structure: ##STR00001##
wherein n is 1 or 2; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are H or CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3;
the fused-ring alkane fuel has a density of greater than 0.870 g/cm.sup.3, a freezing point of not higher than 50 C., and a net mass heat value of not less than 42.0 MJ/kg; the process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the process includes steps of: (1) in a presence of ultraviolet light and a photocatalyst, a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic enone and a substituted or unsubstituted furan molecule occurs to produce a fuel precursor molecule: ##STR00002##
(2) the fuel precursor molecule obtained in the step (1) is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation to produce the fused-ring alkane fuel. ##STR00003##

A process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the fused-ring alkane fuel has the following structure:

##STR00001##

wherein n is 1 or 2; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are H or CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3;
the fused-ring alkane fuel has a density of greater than 0.870 g/cm.sup.3, a freezing point of not higher than 50 C., and a net mass heat value of not less than 42.0 MJ/kg; the process for preparing a fused-ring alkane fuel, wherein the process includes steps of: (1) in a presence of ultraviolet light and a photocatalyst, a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic enone and a substituted or unsubstituted furan molecule occurs to produce a fuel precursor molecule:

##STR00002##

(2) the fuel precursor molecule obtained in the step (1) is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation to produce the fused-ring alkane fuel.

##STR00003##