Disclosed are methods for rerouting radical cascade cyclizations by using alkenes as alkyne equivalents. The reaction sequence is initiated by a novel 1,2 stannyl shift which achieves chemo- and regioselectivity in the process. The radical hopping leads to the formation of the radical center necessary for the sequence of selective cyclizations and fragmentations to follow. In the last step of the cascade, the elimination of a rationally designed radical leaving group via -CC bond scission aromatizes the product without the need for external oxidant. The Bu.sub.3Sn moiety, which is installed during the reaction sequence, allows further functionalization of the product via facile reactions with electrophiles as well as Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. This selective radical transformation opens a new approach for the controlled transformation of enynes into extended polycyclic structures of tunable dimensions.

Disclosed are methods for rerouting radical cascade cyclizations by using alkenes as alkyne equivalents. The reaction sequence is initiated by a novel 1,2 stannyl shift which achieves chemo- and regioselectivity in the process. The radical hopping leads to the formation of the radical center necessary for the sequence of selective cyclizations and fragmentations to follow. In the last step of the cascade, the elimination of a rationally designed radical leaving group via -CC bond scission aromatizes the product without the need for external oxidant. The Bu.sub.3Sn moiety, which is installed during the reaction sequence, allows further functionalization of the product via facile reactions with electrophiles as well as Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. This selective radical transformation opens a new approach for the controlled transformation of enynes into extended polycyclic structures of tunable dimensions.

The present disclosure is directed to a traceless directing group in a radical cascade. The chemo- and regioselectivity of the initial attack in skipped oligoalkynes is controlled by a propargyl alkoxy moiety. Radical translocations lead to the boomerang return of radical center to the site of initial attack where it assists to the elimination of the directing functionality via -scission in the last step of the cascade. In some aspects, the reaction of the present invention is catalyzed by a stannane moiety, which allows further via facile reactions with electrophiles as well as Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. This selective radical transformation opens a new approach for the controlled transformation of skipped oligoalkynes into polycyclic ribbons of tunable dimensions.

The present disclosure is directed to a traceless directing group in a radical cascade. The chemo- and regioselectivity of the initial attack in skipped oligoalkynes is controlled by a propargyl alkoxy moiety. Radical translocations lead to the boomerang return of radical center to the site of initial attack where it assists to the elimination of the directing functionality via -scission in the last step of the cascade. In some aspects, the reaction of the present invention is catalyzed by a stannane moiety, which allows further via facile reactions with electrophiles as well as Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. This selective radical transformation opens a new approach for the controlled transformation of skipped oligoalkynes into polycyclic ribbons of tunable dimensions.

The present invention relates to an n-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) type palladium catalyst and its preparation method as well as applications. Its preparation process is as below: select glyoxal as the raw material to synthesize glyoxaldiimine in the presence of Lewis acid or Bronsted acid, and then react with paraformaldehyde to get the NHC type ligand. Use palladium.sup.(II) to react with the compound containing carbon-nitrogen double bonds to get palladium.sup.(II) cyclic dimer; make the palladium cyclic dimer and the NHC type ligand coordinated to get the NHC type palladium catalyst. The palladium catalyst with a brand new structure according to the present invention, boasts high activity and multi-purpose. In addition, it shows excellent reaction activity in a lot of catalytic-coupling reactions including Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, Buchwald-Hartwig, Kumada-Tamao-Corriu, Sonogashira, Negishi and -ketone arylation reactions, and some reactions even can be carried out with the presence of an extremely low concentration of catalyst, exhibiting favorable industrialization prospect.

A method for producing a hydrocarbon including: preparing a molten salt containing a carbonate of a first metal; obtaining precipitates containing a first metal carbide by applying a voltage to the molten salt; and obtaining a gas containing the hydrocarbon and a hydroxide of the first metal by hydrolyzing the first metal carbide.

A method for producing a hydrocarbon including: preparing a molten salt containing a carbonate of a first metal; obtaining precipitates containing a first metal carbide by applying a voltage to the molten salt; and obtaining a gas containing the hydrocarbon and a hydroxide of the first metal by hydrolyzing the first metal carbide.