A catalytic composition is built up from a ceramic material including a catalytic material and a first inorganic binder and a second inorganic binder and a catalytic structure made thereof. Preferably, the structure is made by a colloidal ceramic shaping technique. The structure is usable for catalytic or ion exchange applications as well. It is demonstrated that the catalytic structures have excellent mechanical, physicochemical and catalytic properties.

The treatment plant comprises: a reactor for the sublimation of organic material in order to obtain a syngas; a filtration assembly for filtering the syngas in order to obtain a filtered gas, and a motor-generator assembly for producing electrical energy by means of the combustion of the filtered gas and thereby producing burnt gas; characterized in that said plant also comprises a methanation assembly, comprising: a catalyst that can extract carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the burnt gas; an electrolyzer that can separate water into oxygen and hydrogen by means of electrolysis; and a methanation reactor, which can produce methane by means of the Sabatier reaction using hydrogen and carbon dioxide originating from the electrolyzer and from the catalyst; the catalyst comprising a catalysis layer consisting of stone wool and nickel nanospheres, a plurality of steel microtubes containing copper microfilaments, and a system for controlling the reaction conditions.

Provided is a Fluid Catalytic Cracking catalyst additive composition and method of making the same. The catalyst additive composition comprises zeolite about 35 wt% to about 80 wt%, preferably about 40 wt% to about 70 wt%; silica about 0 wt% to about 10 wt%, preferably about 2 wt% to about 10 wt%; about 10.5 wt% to 20 wt% alumina and about 7 wt% to 20 wt% P.sub.2O.sub.5, preferably about 11 wt% to about 18 wt%, and the balance clay which can fall between 0 and 50 wt%. The alumina is typically derived from more than one source, such as at least an amorphous or small crystallite size pseudo-boehmite alumina and then either a either a large crystallite size alumina or other reactive alumina.

The present disclosure provides a modified catalyst, and preparation method and a method for producing aromatic hydrocarbons by aromatization of olefins using the modified catalyst. The modified catalyst comprises an acidic molecular sieve and an olefin aromatization active metal component, the total acid amount of the catalyst as measured by NH.sub.3-TPD method is not higher than 0.35 mmol/g, and ratio of the strong acid to weak acid is within a range of 0.8-1.2.

Methods use a catalytic composition built up from a ceramic material including a catalytic material and a first inorganic binder and a second inorganic binder and a catalytic structure made thereof. Preferably, the structure is made by a colloidal ceramic shaping technique. The structure is used for catalytic or ion exchange applications. The catalytic structures have excellent mechanical, physicochemical and catalytic properties.

A catalyst includes a derivative of an iron-containing clay which includes at least one member selected from the group consisting of a nickel-iron bimetallic structure according to XRD and a nickel-iron bimetallic oxide structure according to XRD. The catalyst can be used in various reactions, such as carbon dioxide methanation and dry reforming of methane and carbon dioxide to produce syngas.

A catalyst includes at least one element X selected from the group consisting of Groups 3 to 6 of the Periodic Table, and at least one element Z selected from the group consisting of Group 14 elements. At least one diffraction peak is observed in a low angle range of θ=6° or less in an X-ray diffraction profile observed using X-ray diffraction. The at least one diffraction peak has a ratio (I/H) of a peak intensity I to a half width at half maximum H of the diffraction peak of 5000 or more.

A modified Y-type molecular sieve has a rare earth content of about 4% to about 11% by weight on the basis of the oxide, a phosphorus content of about 0.05% to about 10% by weight on the basis of P.sub.2O.sub.5, a sodium content of no more than about 0.5% by weight on the basis of sodium oxide, a gallium content of about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight on the basis of gallium oxide, and a zirconium content of about 0.1% to about 2.5% by weight on the basis of zirconia; and the modified Y-type molecular sieve has a total pore volume of about 0.36 mL/g to about 0.48 mL/g, a percentage of the pore volume of secondary pores having a pore size of 2-100 nm to the total pore volume of about 20% to about 40%.

A modified Y-type molecular sieve has a rare earth content of about 4-11% by weight on the basis of rare earth oxide, a sodium content of no more than about 0.5 wt % by weight on the basis of sodium oxide, a zinc content of about 0.5-5% by weight on the basis of zinc oxide, a phosphorus content of about 0.05-10% by weight on the basis of phosphorus pentoxide, a framework silica-alumina ratio of about 7-14 calculated on the basis of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 molar ratio, a percentage of non-framework aluminum content to the total aluminum content of no more than about 10%, and a percentage of the pore volume of secondary pores having a pore size of 2-100 nm to the total pore volume of about 20-40%. The modified Y-type molecular sieve has a high crystallinity and a high thermal and hydrothermal stability, and is rich in secondary pores.

Relatively low value disulfide oil (DSO) compounds produced as by-products of the mercaptan oxidation (MEROX) processing of refinery hydrocarbon streams, and oxidized disulfide oils (ODSO), are economically converted to value-added light olefins by introducing the DSO and/or ODSO compounds as the feed to a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit and recovering the light olefins, namely, ethylene and propylene, and in some embodiments a minor amount of butylenes which is then recovered and introduced as the feedstream to a metathesis process for the production and recovery of propylene.