The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner. If the process of the invention is performed batch-wise, a column (tower) reactor may be used. If the process of the invention is continuous a microreactor may be used. The invention is characterized in that the starting compound is benzene, and the fluorinated compound produced is a fluorinated benzene, preferably monofluorobenzene.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15% or even 20% by volume (i.e., at least 15% or even 20% by volume), and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated benzene by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated benzene, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner. If the process of the invention is performed batch-wise, a column (tower) reactor may be used. If the process of the invention is continuous a microreactor may be used. The invention is characterized in that the starting compound is benzene, and the fluorinated compound produced is a fluorinated benzene, preferably monofluorobenzene.

Described is a salt of the general formula: Mg.sup.2+(L.sub.x).sub.6(PF.sub.6).sub.2 wherein each L is a ligand selected from dichloromethane, a cyclic ether, or a nitrile of the general formula R—C≡N. The method of making the salt comprises the steps: providing Mg metal, activating the Mg metal in a first dry solution comprising a first ligand solution (L.sub.1), treating the dry solution of activated Mg metal and L.sub.1 with NOPF.sub.6 in a second dry solution comprising a second ligand solution (L.sub.2), heating the treated Mg metal solution removing residual solvent under vacuum, and recrystallizing the remaining solid to form the salt wherein L.sub.x comprises a mixture of L.sub.1 and L.sub.2. The salt can be used as the salt in an electrolyte, or as an additive to an electrolyte, in a cell or battery.

Described is a salt of the general formula: Mg.sup.2+(L.sub.x).sub.6(PF.sub.6).sub.2 wherein each L is a ligand selected from dichloromethane, a cyclic ether, or a nitrile of the general formula R—C≡N. The method of making the salt comprises the steps: providing Mg metal, activating the Mg metal in a first dry solution comprising a first ligand solution (L.sub.1), treating the dry solution of activated Mg metal and L.sub.1 with NOPF.sub.6 in a second dry solution comprising a second ligand solution (L.sub.2), heating the treated Mg metal solution removing residual solvent under vacuum, and recrystallizing the remaining solid to form the salt wherein L.sub.x comprises a mixture of L.sub.1 and L.sub.2. The salt can be used as the salt in an electrolyte, or as an additive to an electrolyte, in a cell or battery.

The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

The present invention relates to certain substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]indol-3-yl)acetic acid derivatives of Formula (Ia) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which exhibit useful pharmacological properties, for example, as agonists of the S1P1 receptor.

##STR00001##

Also provided by the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention, and methods of using the compounds and compositions of the invention in the treatment of S1P1 receptor-associated disorders, for example, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, acne, microbial infections or diseases and viral infections or diseases.

A non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an additive, wherein the additive includes a compound represented by Formula I and a compound represented by Formula II

##STR00001## wherein, in Formula I, R.sub.1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and wherein, in Formula II, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently a fluorine atom or a fluorine-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

A non-aqueous electrolyte and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt, and an additive, wherein the additive includes a compound represented by Formula I and a compound represented by Formula II

##STR00001## wherein, in Formula I, R.sub.1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and wherein, in Formula II, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are each independently a fluorine atom or a fluorine-substituted alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

An electrolyte including an additive of compound of formula I,

##STR00001## wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyleneoxy group; Ai selected from CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; A.sub.2 is selected from CH—R.sub.3, N—R.sub.3, S, O, B—R.sub.3 or SiH—R.sub.3; A.sub.3 selected from CH.sub.2, CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; R.sub.3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group; Xi is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, ═R.sup.c═, or ═R.sup.c—, wherein R.sup.c is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkylidene group.