Disclosed are catalysts comprised of platinum and gold. The catalysts are generally useful for the selective oxidation of compositions comprised of a primary alcohol group and at least one secondary alcohol group wherein at least the primary alcohol group is converted to a carboxyl group. More particularly, the catalysts are supported catalysts including particles comprising gold and particles comprising platinum, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to gold is in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:4, the platinum is essentially present as Pt(0) and the platinum-containing particles are of a size in the range of about 2 to about 50 nm. Also disclosed are methods for the oxidative chemocatalytic conversion of carbohydrates to carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Additionally, methods are disclosed for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivatives thereof using catalysts comprising platinum and gold. Further, methods are disclosed for the production of such catalysts.

Disclosed are catalysts comprised of platinum and gold. The catalysts are generally useful for the selective oxidation of compositions comprised of a primary alcohol group and at least one secondary alcohol group wherein at least the primary alcohol group is converted to a carboxyl group. More particularly, the catalysts are supported catalysts including particles comprising gold and particles comprising platinum, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to gold is in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:4, the platinum is essentially present as Pt(0) and the platinum-containing particles are of a size in the range of about 2 to about 50 nm. Also disclosed are methods for the oxidative chemocatalytic conversion of carbohydrates to carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Additionally, methods are disclosed for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivatives thereof using catalysts comprising platinum and gold. Further, methods are disclosed for the production of such catalysts.

The present disclosure relates a system of preparing a phthalonitrile-based compound using a continuous process, the preparation system including: a first reaction unit filled with a mixture including a phthalic acid-based compound and a nitrile-based compound; a second reaction unit connected to the first reaction unit; and a discharge unit connected to the second reaction unit, and in the second reaction unit, there is a fluid flow from the first reaction unit direction to the discharge unit direction, wherein the length of the second reaction unit in the fluid flow direction is 10 fold or more the mean square root of the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the fluid flow direction; and a method of preparing a phthalonitrile-based compound using the same.

An electrolyte includes a compound of formula 1:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from H, halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, or any combination thereof. R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl group, a butyrolactam group,

##STR00002##

or any combination thereof.

An electrolyte includes a compound of formula 1:

##STR00001##

R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from H, halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, or any combination thereof. R is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-10 aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl group, a butyrolactam group,

##STR00002##

or any combination thereof.

The present invention relates to a process for purifying adiponitrile (ADN), wherein crude ADN is introduced into a rectification apparatus (R1). The rectification apparatus (R1) comprises a first side draw and preferably also a second side draw, the first side draw being disposed below the crude ADN introduction point and the optional second side draw being disposed above the crude ADN introduction point. The first side draw is used to draw off a gaseous stream comprising ADN while the optional second side draw is used to draw off undesired by-products such as 1-amino-2-cyanocyclopentene (ACCP) which are often generated in ADN production and consequently may be present in the crude ADN. The gaseous stream from the first side draw of (R1) is introduced into a second rectification apparatus (R2). (R2) is used to separate off ADN from remaining high boilers and any other by-products present, pure ADN being drawn off from (D2) as overhead product. It is preferable when the process according to the invention employs crude ADN from a reaction of butadiene with hydrocyanic acid (HCN).

The present invention relates to a process for purifying adiponitrile (ADN), wherein crude ADN is introduced into a rectification apparatus (R1). The rectification apparatus (R1) comprises a first side draw and preferably also a second side draw, the first side draw being disposed below the crude ADN introduction point and the optional second side draw being disposed above the crude ADN introduction point. The first side draw is used to draw off a gaseous stream comprising ADN while the optional second side draw is used to draw off undesired by-products such as 1-amino-2-cyanocyclopentene (ACCP) which are often generated in ADN production and consequently may be present in the crude ADN. The gaseous stream from the first side draw of (R1) is introduced into a second rectification apparatus (R2). (R2) is used to separate off ADN from remaining high boilers and any other by-products present, pure ADN being drawn off from (D2) as overhead product. It is preferable when the process according to the invention employs crude ADN from a reaction of butadiene with hydrocyanic acid (HCN).

A process for the continuous preparation of adiponitrile by hydrocyanation of 3-pentenenitrile is described, wherein a) 3-pentenenitrile is hydrocyanated to give a reaction output comprising adiponitrile, b) in a work-up 1, a mixture comprising cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile and cis-2-pentenenitrile is separated off as overhead product from the reaction output from the reactor R1 in a first distillation apparatus, c) the mixture comprising cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile and cis-2-pentenenitrile from step b) is continuously isomerized in the presence of aluminum oxide as catalyst in a reactor R2 to give a product mixture comprising 3-pentenenitrile, d) cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile is separated off as overhead product from the reaction output from the reactor R2 in a distillation apparatus in a work-up 2 and discharged.

A process for the continuous preparation of adiponitrile by hydrocyanation of 3-pentenenitrile is described, wherein a) 3-pentenenitrile is hydrocyanated to give a reaction output comprising adiponitrile, b) in a work-up 1, a mixture comprising cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile and cis-2-pentenenitrile is separated off as overhead product from the reaction output from the reactor R1 in a first distillation apparatus, c) the mixture comprising cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile and cis-2-pentenenitrile from step b) is continuously isomerized in the presence of aluminum oxide as catalyst in a reactor R2 to give a product mixture comprising 3-pentenenitrile, d) cis-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile is separated off as overhead product from the reaction output from the reactor R2 in a distillation apparatus in a work-up 2 and discharged.

An electrolyte including an additive of compound of formula I,

##STR00001## wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 10; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyleneoxy group; Ai selected from CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; A.sub.2 is selected from CH—R.sub.3, N—R.sub.3, S, O, B—R.sub.3 or SiH—R.sub.3; A.sub.3 selected from CH.sub.2, CH, C, N, S, O, B or Si; R.sub.3 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group; Xi is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylidene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.10 alkenylene group, ═R.sup.c═, or ═R.sup.c—, wherein R.sup.c is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkylidene group.