The present invention makes it possible to provide a compound represented by formula (1) and a composition for an optical material containing this compound.

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(Where m+n=4, m represents an integer of from 0 to 3, and n represents an integer of from 1 to 4.) In addition, the present invention makes it possible to provide a method for producing an optical material, the method including a step for adding 0.0001-10 parts by mass of a polymerization catalyst per 100 parts by mass of the composition for an optical material, polymerizing, and curing.

The present invention is directed to novel functionalized vegetable oils, a method of making the oils, their use in rubber compositions, and their use in tires.

Provided is a zwitterionic polymer that has a zwitterion that includes an effect of improving the stability of proteins. This zwitterionic polymer is a polymeric protein stabilizer that exhibits a protein stabilizing effect even at a small addition amount of addition, and at the same time has an antioxidant capability. Also provided is a method for producing this zwitterionic polymer. This problem is solved by a zwitterionic polymer containing a repeating unit represented by formula (1) and having a number-average molecular weight of 1,000 to 1,000,000. On formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom; linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbons; aromatic groups having 6 to 20 carbons; or alkylene groups having 1 to 6 carbons and formed by linking R.sup.1 to R.sup.2. R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group).

Provided is a zwitterionic polymer that has a zwitterion that includes an effect of improving the stability of proteins. This zwitterionic polymer is a polymeric protein stabilizer that exhibits a protein stabilizing effect even at a small addition amount of addition, and at the same time has an antioxidant capability. Also provided is a method for producing this zwitterionic polymer. This problem is solved by a zwitterionic polymer containing a repeating unit represented by formula (1) and having a number-average molecular weight of 1,000 to 1,000,000. On formula (1), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom; linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbons; aromatic groups having 6 to 20 carbons; or alkylene groups having 1 to 6 carbons and formed by linking R.sup.1 to R.sup.2. R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group).

A linker of bioprobes, suitable for immobilizing a bioprobe on a chip substrate of a sensor, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of 6 or more, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is greater than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 40%-80%. A further linker of bioprobes, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of less than 6, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is less than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 65%-100%. The optimal carbon chain length of the linker and the coverage are realized for substrates of various roughnesses, and grasping ability of an electrochemical sensor chip for a detected object are enhanced.

A linker of bioprobes, suitable for immobilizing a bioprobe on a chip substrate of a sensor, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of 6 or more, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is greater than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 40%-80%. A further linker of bioprobes, includes SH(CH)n-NH2, SH(CH)n-COOH, SH(CH)n-SH, (OH)m-(CH)n-COOH or (OH)m-(CH)n-NH2, having a carbon number of less than 6, m and n being integers greater than 1. When an average surface roughness (Ra) of the chip substrate is less than 250 nm, coverage of the linker on the chip substrate is 65%-100%. The optimal carbon chain length of the linker and the coverage are realized for substrates of various roughnesses, and grasping ability of an electrochemical sensor chip for a detected object are enhanced.

An example of a fusing agent includes a metal bis(dithiolene) complex, a thiol surfactant, a polar aprotic solvent, and a balance of water. In an example of a method of making the fusing agent, the metal bis(dithiolene) complex is exposed to an aqueous solution including a reducing agent and a thiol surfactant to form a reduced metal bis(dithiolene) complex and to dissolve the reduced metal bis(dithiolene) complex in the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is incorporated into a vehicle including a water soluble organic solvent and an additive selected from the group consisting of an emulsifier, a surface tension reduction agent, a wetting agent, a scale inhibitor, an anti-deceleration agent, a chelating agent, an antimicrobial agent, and a combination thereof. The fusing agent may be utilized in a three-dimensional printing method and/or incorporated into a three-dimensional printing system.

An example of a fusing agent includes a metal bis(dithiolene) complex, a thiol surfactant, a polar aprotic solvent, and a balance of water. In an example of a method of making the fusing agent, the metal bis(dithiolene) complex is exposed to an aqueous solution including a reducing agent and a thiol surfactant to form a reduced metal bis(dithiolene) complex and to dissolve the reduced metal bis(dithiolene) complex in the aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is incorporated into a vehicle including a water soluble organic solvent and an additive selected from the group consisting of an emulsifier, a surface tension reduction agent, a wetting agent, a scale inhibitor, an anti-deceleration agent, a chelating agent, an antimicrobial agent, and a combination thereof. The fusing agent may be utilized in a three-dimensional printing method and/or incorporated into a three-dimensional printing system.

A method of preventing or inhibiting L-cystine crystallization is disclosed, using the compounds of formula I:
R.sup.1a[O].sub.v-(-A-L-).sub.m-A-[O].sub.vR.sup.1b I
wherein A, L, R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, m, and v are as described herein. The compounds may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions, and may be used for the prevention and treatment of conditions that are causally related to L-cystine crystallization, such as comprising (but not limited to) kidney stones.

A method of preventing or inhibiting L-cystine crystallization is disclosed, using the compounds of formula I:
R.sup.1a[O].sub.v-(-A-L-).sub.m-A-[O].sub.vR.sup.1b I
wherein A, L, R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, m, and v are as described herein. The compounds may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions, and may be used for the prevention and treatment of conditions that are causally related to L-cystine crystallization, such as comprising (but not limited to) kidney stones.