In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of promoting a carbon-sulfur bond forming reaction. In certain embodiments, the reaction comprises cross-coupling of a(n) (hetero)aryl halide with a thiol to form the carbon-sulfur bond, wherein the method is promoted by light irradiation in the absence of a photocatalyst. In other embodiments, the cross-coupling reaction can be promoted through visible light irradiation, including sunlight.

The present specification relates to a fluorine-based compound for a brancher, a polymer using the same, a polymer electrolyte membrane using the same, a fuel cell using the same, and a redox flow battery including the same.

The present specification relates to a fluorine-based compound for a brancher, a polymer using the same, a polymer electrolyte membrane using the same, a fuel cell using the same, and a redox flow battery including the same.

A preparation method of a sulfur-containing biphenylsulfur-containing biphenyl compound shown by the general formula (I) has a reaction formula as follows:

##STR00001##

Each substituent in the formula is defined in the description. In the method, halogeno benzene shown by the general formula (II) generates a coupling reaction in a catalytic system composed of a nickel compound and at least one ligand under the combined action of metallic zinc to obtain the sulfur-containing biphenyl compound shown by the general formula (I).

A preparation method of a sulfur-containing biphenylsulfur-containing biphenyl compound shown by the general formula (I) has a reaction formula as follows:

##STR00001##

Each substituent in the formula is defined in the description. In the method, halogeno benzene shown by the general formula (II) generates a coupling reaction in a catalytic system composed of a nickel compound and at least one ligand under the combined action of metallic zinc to obtain the sulfur-containing biphenyl compound shown by the general formula (I).

Provided are a carboxylate capable of producing a resist pattern with satisfactory CD uniformity (CDU), and a resist composition. Disclosed are a carboxylate represented by formula (I) and a resist composition:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, X.sup.1 represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, —CH.sub.2— included in the haloalkyl group and the alkyl group may be replaced by —O— or —CO—, m1 represents an integer of 1 to 6, m2 represents an integer of 0 to 4, and Z.sup.+ represents an organic cation.

The present invention belongs to the field of agricultural acaricides, and particularly relates to a substituted phenyl sulfide compound and an application thereof. The substituted phenyl sulfide compound is as represented in general formula I. Definitions of substituted groups in the formula are given in the description. The compound of the general formula I has excellent acaricidal activity and can be used for preventing and controlling various mites.

##STR00001##

A process for preparing a nitrated compound, including the step of reacting a compound (A) including at least one substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, wherein the heteroaromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, selenium and nitrogen, with a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and nitro.

A process for preparing a nitrated compound, including the step of reacting a compound (A) including at least one substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, wherein the heteroaromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, selenium and nitrogen, with a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and nitro.