Shown and described are improved processes for the preparation of dapagliflozin of Formula I, ##STR00001##
or its solvates or co-crystals thereof and intermediates and their use in the preparation of dapagliflozin of Formula I or its solvates or co-crystals thereof.

An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

A composition, consisting essentially of copper, a fluoroalkyl group, and a ligand comprising at least one group-V donor. The molar ratio of copper to the fluoroalkyl group is approximately 1.

A composition, consisting essentially of copper, a fluoroalkyl group, and a ligand comprising at least one group-V donor. The molar ratio of copper to the fluoroalkyl group is approximately 1.

The invention discloses a method for the preparation of fluoro alkylated compounds by homogeneous Ni catalyzed fluoro alkylation with fluoro alkyl halides in the presence of a base.

The invention discloses a method for the preparation of fluoro alkylated compounds by homogeneous Ni catalyzed fluoro alkylation with fluoro alkyl halides in the presence of a base.

The present invention provides a diphenyl-like compound, and intermediate thereof, a preparation method therefor, a pharmaceutical composition thereof and the uses thereof. According to the invention, the diphenyl-like compound has a significant inhibitory effect on PD-1 and/or PD-L1, and can effectively alleviate or treat related diseases such as cancer.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a diphenyl-like compound, and intermediate thereof, a preparation method therefor, a pharmaceutical composition thereof and the uses thereof. According to the invention, the diphenyl-like compound has a significant inhibitory effect on PD-1 and/or PD-L1, and can effectively alleviate or treat related diseases such as cancer.

##STR00001##