A lubricity modifier for fuels contain a dicarboxylic acid monoester compound represented by formula (I). In formula (I), R.sub.1 represents a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2-6 divalent alkenyl group, or a group having a structure of —R.sub.3—R.sub.4—R.sub.5—; R.sub.2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-40 hydrocarbyl group; R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 each independently represents a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 divalent alkyl group; and R.sub.4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-12 divalent alicyclic group.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are new classes of diphenol compounds, derived from tyrosol or tyrosol analogues, which are useful as monomers for preparation of biocompatible polymers. Also disclosed are biocompatible polymers prepared from these monomeric diphenol compounds, including novel biodegradable and/or bioresorbable polymers of formula ##STR00001## These biocompatible polymers or polymer compositions with enhanced bioresorbabilty and processibility are useful in a variety of medical applications, such as in medical devices and controlled-release therapeutic compositions. The invention also provides methods for preparing these monomeric diphenol compounds and biocompatible polymers.

Disclosed are new classes of diphenol compounds, derived from tyrosol or tyrosol analogues, which are useful as monomers for preparation of biocompatible polymers. Also disclosed are biocompatible polymers prepared from these monomeric diphenol compounds, including novel biodegradable and/or bioresorbable polymers of formula ##STR00001## These biocompatible polymers or polymer compositions with enhanced bioresorbabilty and processibility are useful in a variety of medical applications, such as in medical devices and controlled-release therapeutic compositions. The invention also provides methods for preparing these monomeric diphenol compounds and biocompatible polymers.

The object of the present invention is to provide a mitochondrial dysfunction improving agent comprising a vitamin K derivative having a high deliverability to mitochondria.

A mitochondrial dysfunction improving agent, neurodegeneration improving agent, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis improving agent, Alzheimer's disease improving agent, and Parkinson's disease improving agent comprising at least one of a carboxylic acid ester of an active vitamin K represented by a general formula (1) or a salt thereof, and

##STR00001##

(wherein, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are a hydrogen atom, respectively, or a substituent selected from glycine, N-acyl glycine, N-alkyl glycine, N,N-dialkyl glycine, N,N,N-trialkyl glycine, acyl, dicarboxylic acid hemiester, and salts thereof; and at least either of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is glycine, N-acyl glycine, N-alkyl glycine, N,N-dialkyl glycine, N,N,N-trialkyl glycine, acyl, dicarboxylic acid hemiester, and salts thereof. R.sub.3 is a group represented by a general formula (2), or a general formula (3). n is an integer of 1 to 7)

##STR00002##

a mitochondrial dysfunction improving agent, neurodegeneration improving agent, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis improving agent, Alzheimer's disease improving agent, and Parkinson's disease improving agent comprising a carboxylic acid ester of an active vitamin K or a salt thereof (in the general formula (1), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a carboxylic acid residue selected from a group consisting of R.sub.4OOCCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CO— and R.sub.4OOCCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CO—. R.sub.3 represents the above general formula (2) or (3). R.sub.4 is a C1-C3 alkyl group.).

Provided herein are formulations of plated powders of acetaldehyde precursors. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the powders.

Provided herein is a compound having the formula I

##STR00001##

wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and x is independently 0, 1 or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided herein is a method of releasing acetaldehyde into an aqueous solution comprising delivering a compound of formula I to the aqueous solution wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and x is independently 0, 1 or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided is a flavor or aroma-modifying composition comprising: i) a flavor or aroma-conferring or modifying ingredient, at least one compound according to formula (I) above; ii) at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a flavor carrier and a flavor base; and iii) optionally at least one flavor adjuvant.

Provided herein is a compound having the formula I

##STR00001##

wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and x is independently 0, 1 or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided herein is a method of releasing acetaldehyde into an aqueous solution comprising delivering a compound of formula I to the aqueous solution wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a branched or straight C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl and a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkenyl, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and x is independently 0, 1 or 2; provided that when n is 1, x is 2. Also provided is a flavor or aroma-modifying composition comprising: i) a flavor or aroma-conferring or modifying ingredient, at least one compound according to formula (I) above; ii) at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of a flavor carrier and a flavor base; and iii) optionally at least one flavor adjuvant.

The present application discloses methods for the efficient preparation of high purity compounds of the Formula I, and their methods of use.

##STR00001##

Disclosed in the present invention are an emodin succinyl ester compound, a preparation method therefor and a use thereof, the emodin succinyl ester compound having the structure as represented by formula I (R being a C.sub.1-5 alkyl group). The method provided in the present invention has a simple method course, and may effectively save time in synthesis and reduce costs, being simple to operate, being easy to implement, and being suitable for industrial production. Experiments show that the emodin succinyl ester compound of the present invention may better promote the healing of diabetic wounds than emodin, and may be used for preparing a drug for promoting the healing of diabetic wounds. Moreover, it has been confirmed by means of performing pharmacological experiments on rats suffering from experimentally mixed hyperlipidemia that the emodin succinyl ester compound of the present invention is superior to emodin, and has the advantages of having a remarkable blood fat lowering effect, being safe, being simple and convenient to administer, the raw materials being low cost and readily available, and being easy to transport and store.

The invention includes a diester exhibiting improved hydrolytic stability that is an esterification product of a 1-methylheptyl alcohol and a dicarboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the diester is bis(1-methyl heptyl) butanedioate, bis(1-methyl heptyl) nonanedioate and/or bis(1-methyl heptyl) decanedioate. The diester may be natural and/or not sourced from palm. Also contemplated within the scope of the invention are diesters exhibiting improved hydrolytic stability represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 is chosen from a linear alkyl group containing four to ten carbon atoms. Also included are personal care compositions comprising any of these diesters and methods of preparing a personal care composition using the inventive diesters, and/or methods of altering the tactile impression and/or skinfeel provided to a user by a personal care composition by combining any of the diesters of the invention and at least one personal care component to form a personal care composition; and topically applying the personal care composition to the hair, skin, and/or nails of a user.