A radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a polymer including a phenolic hydroxyl group, a compound represented by formula (1-1) or formula (1-2), and a compound represented by formula (2). In the formula (1-1), a sum of a, b, and c is no less than 1; at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 represents a fluorine atom or the like; and R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or the like. In the formula (1-2), in a case in which d is 1, R.sup.6 represents a fluorine atom or the like, and in a case in which d is no less than 2, at least one of the plurality of R.sup.6s represents a fluorine atom or the like; and R.sup.8 represents a single bond or a divalent organic group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. ##STR00001##

In one preferred embodiment, polymers are provided that comprise a structure of the following Formula (I): ##STR00001##
Photoresists that comprises such polymers also are provided.

In one preferred embodiment, polymers are provided that comprise a structure of the following Formula (I): ##STR00001##
Photoresists that comprises such polymers also are provided.

The present disclosure relates to the determination of analytes in a sample using chromatography. The present disclosure provides methods of separating an analyte from a sample. A mobile phase is flowed through a chromatography column. The mobile phase includes about 0.005% (v/v) to about 2.50% (v/v) difluoroacetic acid and less than about 100 ppb of any individual impurity, especially metal impurities. A sample including the analyte is injected into the mobile phase. The analyte is separated from the sample.

The present disclosure relates to the determination of analytes in a sample using chromatography. The present disclosure provides methods of separating an analyte from a sample. A mobile phase is flowed through a chromatography column. The mobile phase includes about 0.005% (v/v) to about 2.50% (v/v) difluoroacetic acid and less than about 100 ppb of any individual impurity, especially metal impurities. A sample including the analyte is injected into the mobile phase. The analyte is separated from the sample.

Disclosed are methods for preparing compound S-1 (S-1) from (R)-2-bromobutanoic acid prepared by treating (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid with an alkali metal nitrite compound and hydrobromic acid.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are methods for preparing compound S-1 (S-1) from (R)-2-bromobutanoic acid prepared by treating (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid with an alkali metal nitrite compound and hydrobromic acid.

##STR00001##

Certain embodiments of the invention provide lipids useful for preparing lipid nanoparticles for delivering therapeutic agents to, e.g., hepatic stellate cells.

A salt having formula (1) or (2) serving as an acid diffusion inhibitor is provided as well as a resist composition comprising the acid diffusion inhibitor. When processed by lithography, the resist composition exhibits a high sensitivity, and excellent lithography properties such as CDU and LWR.

##STR00001##

The present application provides, among other things, compounds and methods for metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and/or stereoselectivity. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and Z-selectivity. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing alkenyl halide with regioselectivity and E-selectivity. In some embodiments, provided technologies are particularly useful for preparing alkenyl fluorides. In some embodiments, a provided compound useful for metathesis reactions has the structure of formula II-a. In some embodiments, a provided compound useful for metathesis reactions has the structure of formula II-b.