To provide an active-energy-ray-curable composition including: a (meth)acrylic acid ester compound represented by General Formula (1) below, ##STR00001##
where in the General Formula (1), R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 through 5 carbon atoms, or an alkyloxy group having from 1 through 5 carbon atoms, n is an integer of from 0 through 5, and X represents an electron-withdrawing functional group.

To provide an active-energy-ray-curable composition including: a (meth)acrylic acid ester compound represented by General Formula (1) below, ##STR00001##
where in the General Formula (1), R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 through 5 carbon atoms, or an alkyloxy group having from 1 through 5 carbon atoms, n is an integer of from 0 through 5, and X represents an electron-withdrawing functional group.

A method of preparing a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
is disclosed. The compound of formula (I) can be used as an antioxidant agent. The compound can also be used as an antibacterial agent to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus MRSA 18-222 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MDR-PA 18-1774.

A method of preparing a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
is disclosed. The compound of formula (I) can be used as an antioxidant agent. The compound can also be used as an antibacterial agent to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus MRSA 18-222 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MDR-PA 18-1774.

The disclosure provides compounds useful as adjuvants in vaccines, as well as methods of synthesizing such compounds and methods of using such compounds in the formulation of a vaccine. The disclosure also features methods of administering such vaccines to a subject (e.g., a mammalian subject, such as a human) in order to treat or prevent one or more diseases, such as a disease caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

Disclosed are a low-migration hindered phenol antioxidant compound, a preparation method and a composition. During production, processing or use, polymers experience degradation due to factors such as light, oxygen and heat. The oxidation resistance thereof is often increased by adding one or more common antioxidants, thereby inhibiting and delaying the rate if oxidative degradation thereof. The structures of traditional hindered phenolic antioxidant compounds migrate in polymers. The hindered phenolic antioxidant compound of the present invention has more hindered phenol units, and can achieve the objectives of low extraction and low migration.

Farnesol analogs, along with their related products (e.g., treatment compositions, wipes, absorbent articles, etc.) and their methods of formation, are provided. The farnesol analog includes a hydrophilic end group (e.g., a hydroxyl end group or a carboxylic acid end group) attached to farnesol via a covalent linkage (e.g., an ester group or an ether group).

Farnesol analogs, along with their related products (e.g., treatment compositions, wipes, absorbent articles, etc.) and their methods of formation, are provided. The farnesol analog includes a hydrophilic end group (e.g., a hydroxyl end group or a carboxylic acid end group) attached to farnesol via a covalent linkage (e.g., an ester group or an ether group).

Methods of detecting and, optionally, determining a level of incorporation of monolignol ester conjugates into lignin. The methods include derivatizing lignin to acylate at least a portion of free phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyls and to halogenate at least a portion of benzylic alcohols present in the lignin to yield derivatized lignin, treating the derivatized lignin with a reducing agent to cleave at least a portion of the derivatized lignin to yield lignin cleavage products, acetylating at least a portion of free hydroxyl groups in the lignin cleavage products with a labeled acetylation agent to yield labeled lignin fragments, and detecting the labeled lignin fragments.

Methods of detecting and, optionally, determining a level of incorporation of monolignol ester conjugates into lignin. The methods include derivatizing lignin to acylate at least a portion of free phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyls and to halogenate at least a portion of benzylic alcohols present in the lignin to yield derivatized lignin, treating the derivatized lignin with a reducing agent to cleave at least a portion of the derivatized lignin to yield lignin cleavage products, acetylating at least a portion of free hydroxyl groups in the lignin cleavage products with a labeled acetylation agent to yield labeled lignin fragments, and detecting the labeled lignin fragments.