A compound of Formula I,

##STR00001##

is disclosed. In Formula I, M is Pd or Pt; each of X.sup.1 to X.sup.12 is C or N; each of X.sup.13 and X.sup.14 is CH, CD or N; each of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is C or N; L.sup.1 is selected from a variety of bivalent linkers; X is selected from O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″; each R, R′, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.A, R.sup.B, R.sup.C, R.sup.D, and R.sup.E is hydrogen or a General Substituent; at least one of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is a carbon atom substituted with a substituent with a molecular weight of at least 16. Formulations, OLEDs, and consumer products that include Formula I are also disclosed.

A compound of Formula I,

##STR00001##

is disclosed. In Formula I, M is Pd or Pt; each of X.sup.1 to X.sup.12 is C or N; each of X.sup.13 and X.sup.14 is CH, CD or N; each of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is C or N; L.sup.1 is selected from a variety of bivalent linkers; X is selected from O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″; each R, R′, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.A, R.sup.B, R.sup.C, R.sup.D, and R.sup.E is hydrogen or a General Substituent; at least one of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is a carbon atom substituted with a substituent with a molecular weight of at least 16. Formulations, OLEDs, and consumer products that include Formula I are also disclosed.

A database system uses byte ordering for keys and a trie index to reference stored data. The keys of a database are converted into byte-comparable sequences of byte values. The trie index is generated including nodes connected by edges defining paths from a root node to leaf nodes. Each edge is associated with at least one byte value such that each path from the root node to a leaf node through one or more edges defines a unique byte prefix for a byte-comparable sequence of byte values. The leaf node of each path is associated with a database location value. A record is accessed in the database using a database location value determined from referencing the trie index using a byte-comparable sequence of byte values of the record generated from a key of the record. A trie structure and byte ordered keys may be used for partition or row indices.

A novel light-emitting element is provided. A light-emitting element with a long lifetime is provided. A light-emitting element with high emission efficiency is provided. In the light-emitting element, an EL layer includes a hole-injection layer, a first hole-transport layer, a second hole-transport layer, a third hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a first electron-transport layer, and a second electron-transport layer in this order; the hole-injection layer includes an organic acceptor; the LUMO level of the host material is higher than that of the first electron-transport layer; the LUMO level of the second electron-transport layer is higher than that of the first electron-transport layer; the host material is a substance including a condensed aromatic ring skeleton; and the first and second electron-transport layers each include a substance having a heteroaromatic ring skeleton.

A novel light-emitting element is provided. A light-emitting element with a long lifetime is provided. A light-emitting element with high emission efficiency is provided. In the light-emitting element, an EL layer includes a hole-injection layer, a first hole-transport layer, a second hole-transport layer, a third hole-transport layer, a light-emitting layer, a first electron-transport layer, and a second electron-transport layer in this order; the hole-injection layer includes an organic acceptor; the LUMO level of the host material is higher than that of the first electron-transport layer; the LUMO level of the second electron-transport layer is higher than that of the first electron-transport layer; the host material is a substance including a condensed aromatic ring skeleton; and the first and second electron-transport layers each include a substance having a heteroaromatic ring skeleton.

Provided are a triarylamine derivative and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, which relate to the technical field of organic electroluminescence. The triarylamine derivative has a relatively high triplet energy level, high hole mobility, a high refractive index and good film formability and thermal stability and can effectively reduce the driving voltage of the organic electroluminescent device, improve the luminescence efficiency, and extend the service life of the device when applied to the organic electroluminescent device. The triarylamine derivative has a good application effect and a good industrialization prospect in the organic electroluminescent device.

Provided are a triarylamine derivative and an organic electroluminescent device thereof, which relate to the technical field of organic electroluminescence. The triarylamine derivative has a relatively high triplet energy level, high hole mobility, a high refractive index and good film formability and thermal stability and can effectively reduce the driving voltage of the organic electroluminescent device, improve the luminescence efficiency, and extend the service life of the device when applied to the organic electroluminescent device. The triarylamine derivative has a good application effect and a good industrialization prospect in the organic electroluminescent device.

Provided are a condensed cyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The organic light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The organic layer may include the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00001## In Formula 1, rings A.sub.1, A.sub.2, and A.sub.3 may each be independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, and n1 to n3 may each be independently 0 or 1, provided that the sum of n1, n2, and n3 is 1. In addition, the descriptions of X.sub.1, L.sub.1 to L.sub.9, a1 to a9, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6, b1 to b6, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3, and c1 to c3 are as defined in the present specification.

Provided are a condensed cyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The organic light-emitting device may include a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The organic layer may include the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00001## In Formula 1, rings A.sub.1, A.sub.2, and A.sub.3 may each be independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, and n1 to n3 may each be independently 0 or 1, provided that the sum of n1, n2, and n3 is 1. In addition, the descriptions of X.sub.1, L.sub.1 to L.sub.9, a1 to a9, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.6, b1 to b6, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3, and c1 to c3 are as defined in the present specification.

Specific polycyclic compounds of the general formula (I) and a process for its preparation, an electronic device comprising at least one of these compounds, an emitting layer, preferably present in an electronic device, comprising at least one compound of general formula (I) and the use of compounds according to general formula (I) in an electronic device as a host material, a charge transporting material, charge and/or exciton blocking material, preferably as a host material or an electron transporting material. ##STR00001##