According to one embodiment, a reduction catalyst includes a current collector including a metal layer; and organic molecules including a quaternary nitrogen cation, which are bonded to the metal layer. The organic molecules are represented by any of the following general formulae I to V.

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According to one embodiment, a reduction catalyst includes a current collector including a metal layer; and organic molecules including a quaternary nitrogen cation, which are bonded to the metal layer. The organic molecules are represented by any of the following general formulae I to V.

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Disclosed herein are a class of compounds useful in cell culture, in particular, the in vitro culture of stem cells. The compounds have been found to promote the survival and/or maintenance of stem cells in (or during) culture and/or throughout passage.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a cellulose dope comprising mixing and dissolving the cellulosic raw material in dilute and concentrated aqueous organic solvent in a two-stage process to form a homogeneous slurry, followed by heating the homogeneous slurry to obtain a cellulose dope containing 11% to 20% cellulose by weight. The invention also relates to a cellulose dope comprising 11% to 20% cellulose by weight and 73% to 79% aqueous organic solvent wherein the concentration of the cellulosic and metallic impurities in the cellulose dope shows a percent reduction of 20% to 50% from the cellulosic raw material.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

The present invention relates to a cationic lipid having one or more biodegradable groups located in a lipidic moiety (e.g., a hydrophobic chain) of the cationic lipid. These cationic lipids may be incorporated into a lipid particle for delivering an active agent, such as a nucleic acid. The invention also relates to lipid particles comprising a neutral lipid, a lipid capable of reducing aggregation, a cationic lipid of the present invention, and optionally, a sterol. The lipid particle may further include a therapeutic agent such as a nucleic acid.

This invention relates to novel compositions comprising regioselectively substituted cellulose esters. One aspect of the invention relates to processes for preparing regioselectively substituted cellulose esters from cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids. Another aspect of the invention relates to the utility of regioselectively substituted cellulose esters in applications such as protective and compensation films for liquid crystalline displays.

This invention relates to novel compositions comprising regioselectively substituted cellulose esters. One aspect of the invention relates to processes for preparing regioselectively substituted cellulose esters from cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids. Another aspect of the invention relates to the utility of regioselectively substituted cellulose esters in applications such as protective and compensation films for liquid crystalline displays.

This invention relates to using a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids, as an absorbent material in an absorption chiller. The invention provides an absorption chiller comprising a mixture of a refrigerant and an absorbent, and the absorbent is a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids.

This invention relates to using a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids, as an absorbent material in an absorption chiller. The invention provides an absorption chiller comprising a mixture of a refrigerant and an absorbent, and the absorbent is a eutectic mixture of two ionic liquids.