Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are provided which are resistant to a decrease in capacity associated with charge and discharge cycles and have excellent discharge rate characteristics. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an example embodiment includes a positive electrode including a lithium transition metal oxide, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The lithium transition metal oxide has a content of voids within particles of 0.2 to 30% before first charging. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes a fluorinated cyclic carbonate and a fluorinated chain carboxylate ester.

A method of stabilizing perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (hereinafter simply referred to as a “stabilization method”), including incorporating at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group-containing fluoroaromatic compound represented by General Formula (1) below and a hydroxy group-containing fluoroaromatic compound represented by General Formula (2) below into a composition containing perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane):

##STR00001##

(in the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 each independently represent one selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group and a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 is a hydroxy group);

##STR00002##

(in the formula, R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 each independently represent one selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group and a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 is a hydroxy group).

A method of stabilizing perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) (hereinafter simply referred to as a “stabilization method”), including incorporating at least one selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group-containing fluoroaromatic compound represented by General Formula (1) below and a hydroxy group-containing fluoroaromatic compound represented by General Formula (2) below into a composition containing perfluoro(2-methylene-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane):

##STR00001##

(in the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 each independently represent one selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group and a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 is a hydroxy group);

##STR00002##

(in the formula, R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 each independently represent one selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a perfluoroalkyl group and a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sup.7 to R.sup.14 is a hydroxy group).

The invention pertains to a method for making a fluoropolymer comprising an aqueous emulsion polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers wherein said aqueous emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of at least one cyclic fluorocompound of the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, equal or different from each other are independently selected among H, F, and C.sub.1-6 (per)fluoroalkyl groups, optionally comprising one or more catenary or non-catenary oxygen atoms; L represents a bond or a divalent group; R.sub.F is a divalent fluorinated C.sub.1-3 bridging group; Y is a hydrophilic function selected among anionic functionalities, cationic functionalities and non-ionic functionalities.

The invention pertains to a method for making a fluoropolymer comprising an aqueous emulsion polymerization of one or more fluorinated monomers wherein said aqueous emulsion polymerization is carried out in the presence of at least one cyclic fluorocompound of the following formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, equal or different from each other are independently selected among H, F, and C.sub.1-6 (per)fluoroalkyl groups, optionally comprising one or more catenary or non-catenary oxygen atoms; L represents a bond or a divalent group; R.sub.F is a divalent fluorinated C.sub.1-3 bridging group; Y is a hydrophilic function selected among anionic functionalities, cationic functionalities and non-ionic functionalities.

The present disclosure provides, for example, a method that can produce a fluorolactone compound from hexafluoropropylene oxide or the like in a single step. The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein two R.sup.1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, with a compound (3) represented by formula (3-1) or the like:

##STR00003##

wherein R.sup.31, R.sup.32, and R.sup.33 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents,
in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) represented by formula (4-1) or the like:

MH.sub.nF.sub.m(4-1)

wherein M is a metal atom, n is 0 or 1, and the sum of the valence number of M and n is m, and
an organic solvent, provided that the compound represented by formula (3) is excluded from the organic solvent.

The present disclosure provides, for example, a method that can produce a fluorolactone compound from hexafluoropropylene oxide or the like in a single step. The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein two R.sup.1 are the same and each is a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group, the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, with a compound (3) represented by formula (3-1) or the like:

##STR00003##

wherein R.sup.31, R.sup.32, and R.sup.33 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, or two of them are optionally linked to each other to form a ring optionally having one or more substituents,
in the presence of a fluorine compound (4) represented by formula (4-1) or the like:

MH.sub.nF.sub.m(4-1)

wherein M is a metal atom, n is 0 or 1, and the sum of the valence number of M and n is m, and
an organic solvent, provided that the compound represented by formula (3) is excluded from the organic solvent.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, and the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15 or even 20% by volume, and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated compound by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated compound, for the exception of fluorinated benzene, by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated organic compounds, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner.

The invention relates to a use of a fluorination gas, and the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration, for example, in a concentration of elemental fluorine (F.sub.2), especially of equal to much higher than 15 or even 20% by volume, and to a process for the manufacture of a fluorinated compound by direct fluorination employing a fluorination gas, wherein the elemental fluorine (F.sub.2) is present in a high concentration. The process of the invention is directed to the manufacture of a fluorinated compound, for the exception of fluorinated benzene, by direct fluorination. Especially the invention is of interest in the preparation of fluorinated organic compounds, final products and as well intermediates, for usage in agro-, pharma-, electronics-, catalyst, solvent and other functional chemical applications. The fluorination process of the invention may be performed batch-wise or in a continuous manner.

Provided is a method of stabilizing a perfluorodioxolane compound, which includes having a quinone compound present in a composition containing a perfluorodioxolane compound, wherein the perfluorodioxolane compound is one or more perfluorodioxolane compounds selected from the group consisting of a perfluorodioxolane compound denoted by general formula (1) and a perfluorodioxolane compound denoted by general formula (2). ##STR00001##