Provided is a polymer having antimicrobial and disinfecting properties against a wide range of kinds of germs. A polymer, including: a polymer chain having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1); and a partial structure (excluding the polymer chain) derived from a compound containing a group represented by NH. [In formula (1), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, Z represents a group forming an organic ammonium salt, NR.sup.5R.sup.6 (where R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group), or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, and X represents a single bond, or a divalent linking group.]

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Presented herein are compositions and articles including a crosslinkable polymer that produces a crosslinked polymer upon exposure to light and/or heat. In some embodiments, the compositions are used to fill fine lines and wrinkles to provide a cosmetic benefit. In certain embodiments, the compositions and articles have desirable release properties for embedded materials.

Provided are a preparation method of a nitrile-based rubber, a nitrile-based rubber prepared therefrom, and a rubber composition including the nitrile-based rubber, and the nitrile-based rubber has a low content of a residual emulsifier and excellent mechanical physical properties by using a emulsifier mixture including a first emulsifier including a sulfosuccinate ester-based compound, and a second emulsifier including a fatty acid or a metal salt thereof, or a rosin acid or a metal salt thereof, each of which has 12 to 18 carbon atoms and a monocarboxyl group, wherein the first emulsifier and the second emulsifier are included at a weight ratio of 2:1 to 6:1.

Provided are a preparation method of a nitrile-based rubber, a nitrile-based rubber prepared therefrom, and a rubber composition including the nitrile-based rubber, and the nitrile-based rubber has a low content of a residual emulsifier and excellent mechanical physical properties by using a emulsifier mixture including a first emulsifier including a sulfosuccinate ester-based compound, and a second emulsifier including a fatty acid or a metal salt thereof, or a rosin acid or a metal salt thereof, each of which has 12 to 18 carbon atoms and a monocarboxyl group, wherein the first emulsifier and the second emulsifier are included at a weight ratio of 2:1 to 6:1.

A composition comprising a hydrogel includes a polymer of formula (1), at least one repeating unit of which comprises BO.sub.2H.sub.2. Methods of making such hydrogels and methods of encapsulating cells using such hydrogels are also disclosed herein.

A composition comprising a hydrogel includes a polymer of formula (1), at least one repeating unit of which comprises BO.sub.2H.sub.2. Methods of making such hydrogels and methods of encapsulating cells using such hydrogels are also disclosed herein.