An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of producing a nonpolar olefin polymer (e.g., a copolymer of a nonpolar olefin and a polar olefin). The present invention provides a method of producing a polar olefin polymer or copolymer, the method including the polymerization step of polymerizing a polar olefin monomer using, as a catalyst, a polymerization catalyst composition containing: 1) a metallocene complex represented by Formula (I), which contains a central metal M that is scandium (Sc) or yttrium (Y), a ligand Cp* containing a cyclopentadienyl derivative and being bound to the central metal, monoanionic ligands Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2, and W neutral Lewis bases L wherein W is an integer of 0 to 3; and 2) an ionic compound composed of a non-coordinating anion and a cation.

##STR00001## ##STR00002##

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of producing a nonpolar olefin polymer (e.g., a copolymer of a nonpolar olefin and a polar olefin). The present invention provides a method of producing a polar olefin polymer or copolymer, the method including the polymerization step of polymerizing a polar olefin monomer using, as a catalyst, a polymerization catalyst composition containing: 1) a metallocene complex represented by Formula (I), which contains a central metal M that is scandium (Sc) or yttrium (Y), a ligand Cp* containing a cyclopentadienyl derivative and being bound to the central metal, monoanionic ligands Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2, and W neutral Lewis bases L wherein W is an integer of 0 to 3; and 2) an ionic compound composed of a non-coordinating anion and a cation.

##STR00001## ##STR00002##

The present specification relates to a polymer with improved ion transport capability, a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same, a membrane-electrode assembly including the polymer electrolyte membrane, a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery including the polymer electrolyte membrane.

To provide a polyarylene sulfide (hereinafter, PAS) manufacturing method and PAS manufacturing device that further eliminates processing costs in manufacturing PAS, by recovering from solid content containing an unreacted sulfur source and alkali metal halide produced as a byproduct the sulfur source and the solid content with a reduced amount of the sulfur source, and then conveniently and easily reusing the unreacted sulfur source without performing a large-scale process. A method of manufacturing PAS according to the present invention comprises: a polymerizing step of producing PAS; an extracting step of bringing an extraction solvent into content with solid content produced in the polymerizing step, and extracting at least a portion of a sulfur source from the solid content; a recovering step of separating and recovering the solid content passing through the extracting step and an extraction liquid produced in the extracting step; and a recycling step of supplying at least a portion of the extraction liquid preferably as at least a portion of PAS produced raw material in the polymerizing step; where the extraction solvent is (1) a protic organic solvent or (2) a mixed solvent containing water and an organic solvent, and the amount of the sulfur source in the solid content recovered in the recovering step is 2 parts by mass or less with regard to 100 parts by mass of the alkali metal halide.

To provide a polyarylene sulfide (hereinafter, PAS) manufacturing method and PAS manufacturing device that further eliminates processing costs in manufacturing PAS, by recovering from solid content containing an unreacted sulfur source and alkali metal halide produced as a byproduct the sulfur source and the solid content with a reduced amount of the sulfur source, and then conveniently and easily reusing the unreacted sulfur source without performing a large-scale process. A method of manufacturing PAS according to the present invention comprises: a polymerizing step of producing PAS; an extracting step of bringing an extraction solvent into content with solid content produced in the polymerizing step, and extracting at least a portion of a sulfur source from the solid content; a recovering step of separating and recovering the solid content passing through the extracting step and an extraction liquid produced in the extracting step; and a recycling step of supplying at least a portion of the extraction liquid preferably as at least a portion of PAS produced raw material in the polymerizing step; where the extraction solvent is (1) a protic organic solvent or (2) a mixed solvent containing water and an organic solvent, and the amount of the sulfur source in the solid content recovered in the recovering step is 2 parts by mass or less with regard to 100 parts by mass of the alkali metal halide.

Provided herein are sulfated compounds that are useful as high refractive index monomers for optical and other applications and methods for producing the same. The sulfated compounds are liquid at room temperature and exhibit good miscibility with other monomers. They are branched and can act as crosslinking agents, increasing the rigidity of the resulting polymers. They have low molecular weights and are useful in combinations with higher viscosity oligomers or crystalline monomers and to generate curable compositions. Also provided herein are high refractive index curable compositions produced from the sulfated compounds suitable for the production optical articles, including for coatings, gratings, and other surface features. Further provided are high refractive index nanocomposite materials made from the sulfated compounds and curable compositions. Also provided herein are articles and optical devices incorporating the curable compositions and nanocomposites described herein.

Provided herein are sulfated compounds that are useful as high refractive index monomers for optical and other applications and methods for producing the same. The sulfated compounds are liquid at room temperature and exhibit good miscibility with other monomers. They are branched and can act as crosslinking agents, increasing the rigidity of the resulting polymers. They have low molecular weights and are useful in combinations with higher viscosity oligomers or crystalline monomers and to generate curable compositions. Also provided herein are high refractive index curable compositions produced from the sulfated compounds suitable for the production optical articles, including for coatings, gratings, and other surface features. Further provided are high refractive index nanocomposite materials made from the sulfated compounds and curable compositions. Also provided herein are articles and optical devices incorporating the curable compositions and nanocomposites described herein.

Unsaturated compounds of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are each independently H or CH.sub.3; R.sup.4 is a linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30-alkylene; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are each independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15-cycloalkyl, aryl, CH.sub.2OC.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or CH.sub.2OC.sub.2-C.sub.20-alkenyl, where R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may together form a C.sub.3-C.sub.6-alkylene; R.sup.7 is independently H,C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, or ##STR00002##
where R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-C.sub.22-alkyl or C.sub.2-C.sub.22-alkenyl; and n is an integer from 2 to 200. Mixtures and polymers including the unsaturated compounds of formula (I). A method for preparing polymers by free-radical polymerization of monomers including the unsaturated compounds of formula (I). A process for preparing polymers including polymer-analogous reactions. And polymers including compounds (I) as cement additives, grinding aids, hydraulic binder additives, concrete plasticizers, reactive plasticizers for preparing plastics, rubber, or latex, associative thickeners and antioxidants, or for preparing polyether siloxanes.

Unsaturated compounds of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are each independently H or CH.sub.3; R.sup.4 is a linear or branched C.sub.1-C.sub.30-alkylene; R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are each independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15-cycloalkyl, aryl, CH.sub.2OC.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or CH.sub.2OC.sub.2-C.sub.20-alkenyl, where R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 may together form a C.sub.3-C.sub.6-alkylene; R.sup.7 is independently H,C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, or ##STR00002##
where R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-C.sub.22-alkyl or C.sub.2-C.sub.22-alkenyl; and n is an integer from 2 to 200. Mixtures and polymers including the unsaturated compounds of formula (I). A method for preparing polymers by free-radical polymerization of monomers including the unsaturated compounds of formula (I). A process for preparing polymers including polymer-analogous reactions. And polymers including compounds (I) as cement additives, grinding aids, hydraulic binder additives, concrete plasticizers, reactive plasticizers for preparing plastics, rubber, or latex, associative thickeners and antioxidants, or for preparing polyether siloxanes.

The present specification relates to a halogenated compound, a polymer and a polymer electrolyte membrane including the same.