A charge-transfer salt formed from a material comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and an n-dopant: wherein BG is a backbone group of the repeat unit; R.sup.1 is a ionic substituent comprising at least one cationic or anionic group; n is at least 1; R.sup.2 is a non-ionic substituent; and m is 0 or a positive integer; the material further comprising a counterion balancing the charge of the cationic or anionic group. ##STR00001##

A compound of formula (I): (Core)n-(X)m wherein Core is a core group; n is 0 and m is 1, or n is 1 and m is at least 1; and X is a group of formula (II): wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are each independently H or a substituent; R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 are each a substituent; one of R.sup.1-R.sup.5 is a direct bond or divalent linking group linking the group of formula (II) to Core in the case where n is 1; x and y are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and the compound of formula (I) is substituted with at least one ionic substituent. The compound may be used as an n-dopant to dope an organic semiconductor. ##STR00001##

A composition comprising: (a) a conductive polymer, (b) a resin having a solubility parameter of 9.0 to 12.0 (cal/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2, (c) a solvent, and (d) a phenolic compound.

A method of producing a solid electrolytic capacitor, including a step of forming a dielectric film on the surface of a valve-acting metal having fine pores and a step of forming a solid electrolyte layer containing a conductive polymer on the dielectric film; wherein the solid electrolyte layer containing the conductive polymer is formed without using an oxidizing agent by: (i) a method of polymerizing at least one of the compounds (A1) represented by formula (1) disclosed herein in the presence of a compound (B) having a sulfo group; (ii) a method of copolymerizing at least one compound (A2) represented by formula (2) disclosed herein; and (iii) a method of polymerizing at least one of the compounds (A1) and (A2).

Polymerize ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in a polymerization process using dinonylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (DNNSA) as the dopant and Fe(III) p-toluenesulfonate (Fe (III) p-TSA) as the oxidizing agent to produce an organically soluble polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT).

A conductive polymer composition having the resistance to moisture and heat in the coating film is provided. A conductive polymer composition comprising a solvent and a π-conjugated conductive polymer is provided. A vinyl sulfone group-containing compound containing a vinyl sulfone group as a dopant of the conductive polymer or an additive is included and when the conductive polymer composition contains the vinyl sulfone group-containing compound as the additive, the vinyl sulfone group-containing compound contains a plurality of vinyl sulfone groups.

A conductive polymer composition having the resistance to moisture and heat in the coating film is provided. A conductive polymer composition comprising a solvent and a π-conjugated conductive polymer is provided. A vinyl sulfone group-containing compound containing a vinyl sulfone group as a dopant of the conductive polymer or an additive is included and when the conductive polymer composition contains the vinyl sulfone group-containing compound as the additive, the vinyl sulfone group-containing compound contains a plurality of vinyl sulfone groups.

Provided are a conductive composite structure for an electronic device, a method of preparing the conductive composite structure, an electrode for an electronic device including the conductive composite structure, and an electronic device including the conductive composite structure. The conductive composite structure may contain graphene and an organic composite layer including a conductive polymer having a work function of about 5.3 eV or lower, and has a sheet resistance deviation of about 10% or less.

Biocompatible polymer hydrogel composite structures, methods of making the composite structures, and methods of using the composite structures as scaffolds for biological tissue growth and regeneration are provided. The methods for making the composite structures start with a porous high resolution three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold in which polymer precursors are infused and then polymerized in situ to form a water-soluble, electrically conducting polymer that is bonded to and/or entrapped within the hydrogel.

Conjugated, electrically conducting polymers (CPs) with the ability to covalently graft onto collagen and collagenic materials are provided. Also provided are methods of functionalizing biological tissues and other biological substrates with the CPs, and methods of using the functionalized biological substrates as cell and tissue growth scaffolds that harness the passive therapeutic benefits of CPs and use the enhanced conductivity provided by the scaffolds to stimulate cell growth and proliferation through the bulk of the biological substrate.