A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, RE is Ce, and the scintillation crystal is doped with Sr, Ba, or a mixture thereof at a concentration of at least approximately 0.0002 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved linearity and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection system can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection system can be useful in a variety of radiation imaging applications.

Provided is a fluoride nanophosphor using, as cores, luminescent nanoparticles expressed by Chemical Formula 1.
LiEr.sub.1-x-yL.sub.yF.sub.4:Tm.sup.3+.sub.x  [Chemical Formula 1] (In Chemical Formula 1, x is a real number satisfying 0≤x≤0.3, y is a real number satisfying 0≤y≤0.8 and is selected within a range satisfying 0≤x+y≤0.9, and L is any one selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), and a combination thereof.)

Scintillator materials, as well as related systems, and methods of detection using the same, are described herein. The scintillator material composition may comprise a Tl-based scintillator material. For example, the composition may comprise a thallium-based halide. Such materials have been shown to have particularly attractive scintillation properties and may be used in a variety of applications for detection radiation.

The present disclosure is directed to a rapid process for the preparation of gadolinium oxysulfide having a general formula of Gd.sub.2O.sub.2S, referred to as GOS, scintillation ceramics by using the combination of spark plasma primary sintering (SPS) and hot isostatic pressing secondary sintering.

A nanoparticle-in-perovskite (NIP) scintillator includes a host matrix and one or more nanoparticles embedded in the host matrix. The one or more nanoparticles are embedded in the host matrix at a loading volume of 20% or less. The host matrix has a thickness of 1 mm or greater. The host matrix is a polycrystalline perovskite material. In addition, the NIP scintillator is configured to exhibit a luminescent response to ionizing radiation having a photon energy of 1 keV or greater.

A method of preparing a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor, including: preparation of upconversion-luminescence nanoparticles, preparation of an upconversion nanoparticle-doped solid-phase sensor, and preparation of a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor. A method for detecting a gaseous pollutant is also provided, including: preparing a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor through the above method; establishing a prediction model; and substituting a fluorescence intensity of a sample into the prediction model to calculate the gaseous pollutant concentration in the sample.

A scintillation crystal can include Ln.sub.(1-y)RE.sub.yX.sub.3, wherein Ln represents a rare earth element, RE represents a different rare earth element, y has a value in a range of 0 to 1, and X represents a halogen. In an embodiment, the scintillation crystal is doped with a Group 1 element, a Group 2 element, or a mixture thereof, and the scintillation crystal is formed from a melt having a concentration of such elements or mixture thereof of at least approximately 0.02 wt. %. In another embodiment, the scintillation crystal can have unexpectedly improved proportionality and unexpectedly improved energy resolution properties. In a further embodiment, a radiation detection apparatus can include the scintillation crystal, a photosensor, and an electronics device. Such a radiation detection apparatus can be useful in a variety of applications.

Disclosed herein is a material, comprising a first metal halide that is operative to function as a scintillator; where the first metal halide excludes cesium iodide, strontium iodide, and cesium bromide; and a surface layer comprising a second metal halide that is disposed on a surface of the first metal halide; where the second metal halide has a lower water solubility than the first metal halide.

A method of preparing a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor, including: preparation of upconversion-luminescence nanoparticles, preparation of an upconversion nanoparticle-doped solid-phase sensor, and preparation of a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor. A method for detecting a gaseous pollutant is also provided, including: preparing a dye-functionalized flexible upconversion-luminescence solid-phase sensor through the above method; establishing a prediction model; and substituting a fluorescence intensity of a sample into the prediction model to calculate the gaseous pollutant concentration in the sample.

There is provided an apparatus for solar energy power conversion comprising: a planar array of light concentrators distributed in a pattern; a planar array of PV cells distributed in alignment with the light concentrators; and a spectral converter that extends between the planar array of light concentrators and the planar array of PV cells, wherein the spectral converter is configured to convert incident light of a first spectral distribution from the array of light concentrators to outgoing light of a second spectral distribution for the array of PV cells.