An apparatus for stable nano emulsion of water in diesel fuel, including: a diesel fuel feeding unit (2), a water feeding unit (3), a magnetite nano-particles feeding unit (4); a mixing tank (7) in fluid communication with the diesel fuel feeding unit (2), with the water feeding unit (3) and with the magnetite nano-particles feeding unit (4); a recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) presenting opposite ends connected to the mixing tank (7). A pump (9) on the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) and configured to recirculate a mixture of diesel fuel (F), water (W) and magnetite nano-particles (MNP). A dynamic magnetic field generator (25) is operationally coupled to the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) and is configured to generate a dynamic magnetic field inside at least a section of the recirculation conduit (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) to activate the magnetite nano-particles.

A power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power and method of use thereof such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell comprising a fuel having atomic hydrogen, nascent H.sub.2O; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate a reaction and an energy gain, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condensor, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (viii) a power conversion system.

A fuel formulation comprising a sugar and ammonia solution, wherein the sugar and ammonia are present in a combined amount of greater than 70 percent by weight of the fuel formulation, and wherein the sugar comprises fructose, glucose, sucrose or a combination thereof.

The present disclosure relates to diesel fuel emulsions, a process to make them and the use thereof in a combustion process. The emulsions are comprise a surfactant of formula

##STR00001##

wherein R is a C5-C22 linear or branched, saturated or non-saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, A is

##STR00002##

or CH.sub.2, each X, independently, is H, COOM or SO.sub.3M, with at least one X in the molecule being COOM or SO.sub.3M, each R.sup.2, independently, is H, CH.sub.3, or C.sub.2H.sub.5, k=0-3, each m, independently, is about 2-6, each n, independently, is about 1-6 and the alkylene formed when n>1 may be substituted with alkyl groups, o=0-40, and each M, independently, is selected from H and any cation M.sup.+.

There is provided a process for producing a fuel comprising: sensing the sulphur content of a liquid hydrocarbonaceous material; admixing liquid aqueous material and the liquid hydrocarbonaceous material in a predetermined ratio, based upon the sensed sulphur content, such that a nanoemulsion is obtained; and converting the nanoemulsion into at least the fuel.

Provided is a method of preparing a combustible oil, the method comprising adding and mixing: a petroleum-based combustible oil; a water having an oxidation-reduction potential of −300 mV or lower, a pH of 9.0 or higher, and a dissolved hydrogen concentration of 0.8 ppm or higher; a fatty oil; and an activated carbon to obtain a mixture.

An electrochemical power system is provided that generates an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction into electricity, the system comprising at least two components chosen from: H.sub.2O catalyst or a source of H.sub.2O catalyst; atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H.sub.2O catalyst or source of H.sub.2O catalyst and atomic hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and electricity can further comprise a cathode, an anode, reactants that constitute hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion mass transport, a source of oxygen, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation-reduction electrode reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate path such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. In an embodiment, the anode is regenerated by intermittent charging with the electrodeposition of the anode metal ion from the electrolyte to the anode wherein an anion exchange with the anode metal oxide provides a thermodynamically favorable cycle to facilitate the electrodeposition.

A solid fuel power source that provides at least one of thermal and electrical power such as direct electricity or thermal to electricity is further provided that powers a power system comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H.sub.2O catalyst or H.sub.2O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the solid fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides a short burst of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos, (iv) a product recovery systems such as a condensor, (v) a reloading system, (vi) at least one of hydration, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical systems to regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (vii) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, (vi

A cavitation process for preparing a water-in-oil emulsion including a) adding water to fuel in a range of 5% to 35% of the total volume; b) feeding both water and fuel into an enclosed space, where the mixture is accelerated through a pressure rise induced by a pumping system; c) forcing the mixture through an acceleration tunnel where it hits a first cavitation barrier with adjustable bolts; d) feeding the mixture through a first decompression chamber causing a pressure decrease and subsequent vaporization of the mixture to form a vaporized mixture, forming water droplets whose diameter ranges from 1 m to 3 m; e) feeding the vaporized mixture on the second cavitation barrier with adjustable bolts, to a second decompression and forming water droplets of diameter of 0.1 m or less.

A method for powering a diesel engine with a fuel emulsion involves preparing the fuel emulsion by emulsifying a fuel and water in the presence of an emulsifier package, which contains a branched surfactant of the formula (I) as defined below and optionally, a propoxylated surfactant of the formula (II) as defined below. A fuel emulsion for powering a diesel engine is also provided.

Provided is a method of preparing a combustible oil, the method comprising adding and mixing: a petroleum-based combustible oil; a water having an oxidation-reduction potential of 300 mV or lower, a pH of 9.0 or higher, and a dissolved hydrogen concentration of 0.8 ppm or higher; a fatty oil; and an activated carbon to obtain a mixture.