The invention relates to an expression system comprising polynucleotides encoding proteins, wherein the expression system comprises a first polynucleotide encoding at least one protein, peptide or variant thereof, which induces a T cell response, and a second polynucleotide encoding at least one protein, peptide or variant thereof, which induces an anti-pathogenic B cell response. The invention further relates to protein mixtures encoded by the expression system and cells comprising the expression system or the protein mixture and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the expression system or the protein mixture.

The present disclosure relates to RSV F protein mutants, nucleic acids or vectors encoding a RSV F protein mutant, compositions comprising a RSV F protein mutant or nucleic acid, and uses of the RSV F protein mutants, nucleic acids or vectors, and compositions.

The invention relates to the novel use of an immunogenic formulation containing Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in a concentration between 10.sup.4-10.sup.9 bacteria, which recombinantly expresses at least one protein or immunogenic fragment of the human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV, human orthopneumovirus), stabilized in a pharmaceutically acceptable saline buffer solution to prevent, treat, or attenuate bRSV infections in cattle.

RNA encoding an immunogen is co-delivered to non-immune cells as the site of delivery and also to immune cells which infiltrate the site of delivery. The responses of these two cell types to the same delivered RNA lead to two different effects, which interact to produce a strong immune response against the immunogen. The non-immune cells translate the RNA and express the immunogen. Infiltrating immune cells respond to the RNA by expressing type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines which produce a local adjuvant effect which acts on the immunogen-expressing non-immune cells to upregulate major histocompatibility complex expression, thereby increasing presentation of the translated protein to T cells. The effects on the immune and non-immune cells can be achieved by a single delivery of a single RNA e.g., by a single injection.

An oral dissolving film containing nano- or micro-encapsulated bioactive material and methods of forming the film. The film may be prepared by dispensing a mixture of a film-forming agent, a crosslinking agent, a solution of nano- or micro-encapsulated bioactive material, and a photoinitiator into a plurality of wells in a tray using a 3D printer. The dispensed material is exposed to radiation in order to crosslink the material and form a film.

Recombinant paramyxoviruses including a viral genome encoding a heterologous gene are provided. In several embodiments, the recombinant paramyxovirus is a recombinant parainfluenza virus, such as a recombinant PIV3 including a viral genome encoding a heterologous respiratory syncytial virus F ectodomain linked to the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail of the F protein from the PIV3. Nucleic acid molecules including the genome of a recombinant paramyxoviruses are also provided. The recombinant viruses may advantageously be used in vaccine formulations, such as for vaccines against parainfluenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.

Saponin extracts containing at least 93% QS-21 main peak and 0.25-3% 2018 component by UV absorbance at 214 nm, methods for making said extracts, their use as vaccine adjuvants and related aspects.

The present invention relates to an attenuated virus strain derived from a human metapneumovirus strain comprising the genome sequence represented by sequence SEQ ID NO. 1, said attenuated strain comprising one or more genetic modifications of said sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 attenuating the virulence of said strain.

The present invention provides mutant RSV F molecules, such as those that can be, or are stabilized, in a pre-fusion conformation by the introduction of one or more DT cross-links. The present invention also provides methods of making such mutant RSV F molecules, compositions comprising such mutant RSV F molecules, and methods of use of such mutant RSV F molecules, for example in vaccination methods, therapeutic methods, and antibody production methods.

The invention relates to the novel use of an immunogenic formulation containing the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain at a concentration between 104-109 bacteria, expressing at least one protein or immunogenic fragment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, Human orthopneumovirus), in a pharmaceutically acceptable saline buffer solution because it serves to prepare a vaccine useful to prevent, treat, or attenuate human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections.