A printed flexible PH sensor is provided. The printed flexible PH sensor includes a flexible substrate. A working electrode is disposed on the flexible substrate, and the working electrode includes a first silver layer formed on the flexible substrate by an ink-jet printing process, a second silver layer formed on the first silver layer by a silver mirror reaction, and a metal oxide layer disposed on the second silver layer of an end portion of the working electrode. A reference electrode is disposed on the flexible substrate, and the reference electrode includes the first silver layer and the second silver layer formed on the first silver layer, and a silver chloride layer totally covering the second silver layer. A method for fabricating the printed flexible PH sensor is also provided.

The invention relates to an aqueous stripping composition for the removal of polymeric surface sealants on metal surfaces, said stripping composition comprising an alkalizing agent, a polymer splitting agent, a swelling agent, and a cloud point booster, wherein said polymer splitting agent is at least one gluconate wherein said swelling agent is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of glycol ethers and aliphatic alcohols having 3 to 9 carbon atoms. The inventive aqueous stripping composition is capable to remove polymeric sealants like e.g. polyurethane sealants, polyethylene sealants, polyethylene waxes, polyacrylic sealants, polysilicate sealants, and the like.

The invention relates to an aqueous stripping composition for the removal of polymeric surface sealants on metal surfaces, said stripping composition comprising an alkalizing agent, a polymer splitting agent, a swelling agent, and a cloud point booster, wherein said polymer splitting agent is at least one gluconate wherein said swelling agent is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of glycol ethers and aliphatic alcohols having 3 to 9 carbon atoms. The inventive aqueous stripping composition is capable to remove polymeric sealants like e.g. polyurethane sealants, polyethylene sealants, polyethylene waxes, polyacrylic sealants, polysilicate sealants, and the like.

A steel sheet coated with a zinc-based coating layer having a reaction layer on the surface of the steel sheet is manufactured by a method that includes bringing a steel sheet coated with a zinc-based coating layer into contact for 1.0 second or more with an alkaline aqueous solution containing one or more chelating agents selected from among sodium gluconate, sodium glucoheptonate, sodium citrate, tartaric acid, arabonic acid, galactonic acid, sorbit, mannite, glycerin, EDTA, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a total amount of 0.050 mass % or more and having a pH of 10.0 or more as a pre-treatment before a formation of the reaction layer, and forming the reaction layer being an oxide layer containing a crystal-structured substance expressed by Zn.sub.4(SO.sub.4).sub.1-X(CO.sub.3).sub.X(OH).sub.6.nH.sub.2O.

A steel sheet coated with a zinc-based coating layer having a reaction layer on the surface of the steel sheet is manufactured by a method that includes bringing a steel sheet coated with a zinc-based coating layer into contact for 1.0 second or more with an alkaline aqueous solution containing one or more chelating agents selected from among sodium gluconate, sodium glucoheptonate, sodium citrate, tartaric acid, arabonic acid, galactonic acid, sorbit, mannite, glycerin, EDTA, and sodium tripolyphosphate in a total amount of 0.050 mass % or more and having a pH of 10.0 or more as a pre-treatment before a formation of the reaction layer, and forming the reaction layer being an oxide layer containing a crystal-structured substance expressed by Zn.sub.4(SO.sub.4).sub.1-X(CO.sub.3).sub.X(OH).sub.6.nH.sub.2O.

Disclosed is a substrate pretreatment system, comprising (a) an activating rinse for treating at least a portion of a substrate comprising a dispersion of metal phosphate particles having a D.sub.90 particle size of no greater than 10 μm, wherein the metal phosphate comprises divalent or trivalent metals or combinations thereof; and (b) a pretreatment composition for treating at least a portion of the substrate treated with the activating rinse, comprising zinc ions and phosphate ions, wherein the pretreatment composition is substantially free of nickel. Methods of treating a substrate with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed. Substrates treated with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed.

Disclosed is a substrate pretreatment system, comprising (a) an activating rinse for treating at least a portion of a substrate comprising a dispersion of metal phosphate particles having a D.sub.90 particle size of no greater than 10 μm, wherein the metal phosphate comprises divalent or trivalent metals or combinations thereof; and (b) a pretreatment composition for treating at least a portion of the substrate treated with the activating rinse, comprising zinc ions and phosphate ions, wherein the pretreatment composition is substantially free of nickel. Methods of treating a substrate with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed. Substrates treated with the substrate pretreatment system also are disclosed.

Weld balls disposed in solutions in full immersion tanks of a phosphate system are collected by magnets attached to at least some of the hangers that carry skids through stages of the phosphate system. The magnet attached to a hanger is immersed in the solutions when the hanger is immersed in the solutions and magnetically attracts the weld balls.

Weld balls disposed in solutions in full immersion tanks of a phosphate system are collected by magnets attached to at least some of the hangers that carry skids through stages of the phosphate system. The magnet attached to a hanger is immersed in the solutions when the hanger is immersed in the solutions and magnetically attracts the weld balls.

The present invention relates to a nanometal-flake graphite composite and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a nanometal-flake graphite composite, in which nanometal-flake graphite, in which crystallized nanometal particles are highly densely bonded to the surface of flake graphite, is coated with polydopamine to form a polydopamine coating layer which significantly improves properties such as bonding properties between flake graphite basal planes, adhesiveness with other media, and dispersibility, and a method of manufacturing the nanometal-flake graphite composite.