Systems and apparatuses include a diesel exhaust fluid tank, a first temperature sensor positioned within the diesel exhaust fluid tank and structured to provide first temperature information indicative of a first temperature, and a second temperature sensor positioned within the diesel exhaust fluid tank and structured to provide second temperature information indicative of a second temperature. The systems and apparatuses further include one or more processing circuits including one or more memory devices coupled to one or more processors, the one or more memory devices configured to store instructions thereon that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to provide energy to a heating system based on the first temperature information and the second temperature information.

The present disclosure describes methods for evaluating quality of DEF dosed to an EAS including a close coupled SCR unit a downstream SCR unit. A NOx conversion efficiency of the close coupled SCR unit and a NOx conversion efficiency of the downstream SCR unit are used to evaluate quality of DEF. In some embodiments, the NOx conversion efficiency of close coupled SCR unit is used to evaluate quality of DEF. Operation of an EAS using the results of the evaluation of quality of DEF are described.

Various embodiments include a method for monitoring the tank content of a storage tank comprising: metering a fluid from the tank into the exhaust gas tract, wherein the fluid has a concentration with respect to a reducing agent; acquiring a current concentration value for the reducing agent; calculating a change in concentration of the reducing agent on the basis of the current concentration value in comparison with a stored concentration value; determining a current operating state of the vehicle to identify an operating state in which refueling cannot be carried out; and carrying out a plausibility check of the calculated change in concentration if the calculated change in concentration exceeds a predetermined threshold value and the operating state is identified. The plausibility check includes acquiring the current tank filling level of the fluid.

An injection structure using integrated exhaust heat recovery system (EHRS) condensate, the structure including an integrated heat exchange part connected to an engine of a vehicle and branched from an exhaust outlet of an exhaust manifold to integrate exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and EHRS, a condensate circuit part extended from a rear end of the integrated heat exchange part to the engine of the vehicle and configured to move exhaust gas condensate, a three-phase valve configured to open and close so that a low-temperature coolant is selectively introduced into the integrated heat exchange part according to operating conditions, an EGR valve configured to open and close so that EGR gas with filtered condensate flows into the engine of the vehicle, a bypass valve fluidly connected to an exhaust muffler, and a controller configured to control opening and closing of the three-phase valve, the EGR valve, and the bypass valve according to the operating conditions.

A method of controlling a vehicle includes determining if a diesel emission fluid is at least partially frozen, and determining if the vehicle is currently operating in a low diesel emission fluid inducement protocol. If the vehicle is not currently operating in the low diesel emission fluid inducement protocol, and the diesel emission fluid is at least partially frozen, then a temporary minimum diesel emission fluid mass may be defined to prevent entry of the vehicle into the low diesel emission fluid inducement protocol.

An exhaust gas purification apparatus for an internal combustion engine comprises an ammonia supplier which includes a storage unit configured to store a precursor of ammonia or ammonia (reducing agent or the like), and a controller programmed to carry out output restriction control as such control that an output of the internal combustion engine is restricted to be not more than a predetermined output such that a NOx purification rate brought about by the storage reduction NOx catalyst is within an allowable range if an amount of the reducing agent or the like stored in the storage unit is less than a predetermined storage amount.

Selective catalytic reaction (SCR) failure detection systems and methods for propulsion systems. The method includes obtaining (a) an upstream (of the SCR unit) NO.sub.x concentration value, and (b) a downstream NO.sub.x concentration value, and caching (a) and (b). The obtaining and caching is repeated until N cached values are obtained, where N is a preprogrammed number. Using the N cached values, an upstream average of NO.sub.x, an upstream standard deviation, a downstream average of NO.sub.x, and a downstream standard deviation are calculated. The calculated values are input for a failure detection algorithm pertaining to nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) that generates a linear correlation factor. A best performing unacceptable (BPU) part is detected when the linear correlation factor is greater than a preprogrammed fail threshold.

A driver inducement method and a driver inducement system for a vehicle that induce a driver to replenish a urea considering a urea level in a urea tank and an actual vehicle speed are disclosed. The driver inducement method may include: calculating a first residual travel distance according to a urea level and an average urea consumption if an engine is started; calculating a final residual travel distance based on the first residual travel distance according to the urea level and the average urea consumption and a second residual travel distance according to the urea level and a vehicle speed, if the first residual travel distance according to the urea level and the average urea consumption is smaller than a threshold distance; and limiting an engine output according to the final residual travel distance.

Unit (11) for feeding a reducing solution from the tank to the exhaust duct of an endothemiic engine is provided. The unit comprises a supporting head (13) arranged for being associated to an aperture provided in a reducing solution tank and a heating device (15) for heating the reducing solution contained in the tank. The heating device (15) extends from the supporting head (13) and is provided with a duct (17) for a heating fluid. The duct (17) is defined by a side wall (31) which, when the unit (11) is in use, is internally in contact with the heating fluid passing through the duct (17) and externally in contact with the reducing solution present in the tank. At least one portion of the wall (31) of the duct (17) is non-smooth inside and/or outside the duct.

A work machine provided with a lifting magnet includes the lifting magnet, an arm that supports the lifting magnet, a boom that supports the arm, an upper turning body that supports the boom, an engine, a selective catalytic reduction system, and a controller that controls attraction and release by the lifting magnet.