A position measuring apparatus measures the position(s) of an electrically conductive measurement object which can be moved over a measurement section, along which coils are positioned. A measuring coil is provided between every two excitation coils, through each of which excitation coils an alternating excitation current flows, which current is predefined to be in phase opposition from excitation coil to excitation coil. The alternating magnetic fields produced by the alternating excitation currents induce eddy currents in the electrically conductive measurement object when the measurement object moves past the excitation coils. The measuring coils provide an AC measurement voltage which is induced by the eddy currents flowing in the measurement object when the measurement object moves past the at least one measuring coil. The position of the measurement object is determined on the basis of the at least one AC measurement voltage.

A position sensing system includes a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) to provide a first output voltage and a second output voltage. The position sensing system also includes two precision rectifiers. Each of the precision rectifiers comprises only operational amplifiers and resistors and obtains the first output voltage or the second output voltage as an input and to provide a full-wave rectified output.

Methods and apparatus for having heterogenous redundant angle sensing. In embodiments, an angle sensor has inductive sensing and magnetic sensing for a target having a magnetic portion and a metallic portion. In embodiments, the magnetic portion includes a ring magnet centered within the metallic portion, which can be referred to as a cap. In some embodiments, the target-facing side of the cap is sloped. In some embodiments, the target-facing side of the cap and the ring magnet are sloped.