A method of evaluating characteristics of a work piece includes forming a photosensitive layer on the work piece. Then an ion implantation is performed on the work piece. The work piece is radiated, and an optical intensity of the photosensitive material on the work piece is calculated. The ion implantation pattern is evaluated according to the optical intensity. A chemical structure of the photosensitive material is changed upon the ion implantation. The work piece is recovered by reversing the chemical structure of the photosensitive material or removing the ion interrupted photosensitive material by chemicals.

Modular systems can be used for optical analysis, including in-situ analysis, of stimulated liquids. An excitation module can include a radiation sources, e.g., a laser, LED, lamp, etc. A detection module can include one or more detectors configured to receive spectral and/or temporal information from a stimulated liquid. Such systems can be used to identify or measure optical emissions including fluorescence or scattering. The efficient excitation of liquid samples and collection of emissions from the samples provides substantial, up to four-fold increase in the emission signal over prior systems. In an example, emission measurements can be conducted in an isolated sample compartment, such as using interchangeable modules for discrete sampling, flow-through sampling, or sampling via fiber probe. The systems and methods described herein can be used to characterize natural aquatic environments, including assessments of phytoplankton pigments, biomass, structure, physiology, organic matter, and oil pollution.

A method includes depositing an antimicrobial material onto a surface of a substrate. The method includes binding a photochromic material to the antimicrobial material. Depositing the antimicrobial material and binding the photochromic material can include forming a mixture of the antimicrobial material and the photochromic material and depositing the mixture onto the surface of the substrate. It is also contemplated that depositing the antimicrobial material and binding the photochromic material can include first depositing the antimicrobial material onto the surface of the substrate and then depositing the photochromic material onto the antimicrobial material.